Pasyon: a Factor That Shaped the Filipinos’ Identity Essay

The audit of the writing for this investigation centers around the noteworthiness of the Pasyon as one of the well known types of writing that appears to have entranced individuals consistently. This spotlights on various examinations and distributed articles that bolsters the previous explanation. Numerous authors have announced that Pasyon was utilized by the Spanish as one of the components to gradually overcome the Philippines, in which it made a major effect in the brains of each filipino. One of these is Reynaldo Ileto who suggested this importance: â€Å"One of the foremost thoughts created in this examination is that the majority experience of Holy Week generally molded the style of laborer fraternities and uprisings during (the Spanish and early American provincial periods. Rather than extolling the old ceremonies of the babaylane’s (local clerics) as suggestive of the genuine local soul, the reality must be acknowledged that most of the swamp Filipinos were changed over to Spanish Catholicism. [†¦] The different ceremonies of Holy week, especially the perusing of the narrative of Jesus Christ â€Å"(Pasyon and Revolution, 1840-1910). Paul Spickard in his work, Race and Nation, cited that â€Å"Colonialism appear to consistently result in â€Å"racialized† chains of command between vanquishing individuals and the prevailed. Expansionism carried numerous basic things to the spots that were colonized and come about into quick decrease of the native’s culture, language, and customs. Terms and Concepts Words matter. In this examination, one finds a few terms and ideas that are utilized in various parts. Here are their definitions that will guide and give us a little foundation about the investigation. Pabasa ng Pasyon. The Pasyon is ordinarily heard during Holy Week in the Philippines, where its recitation, known as the Pabasa (â€Å"Reading†) can traverse a few days through the span of the period, expanding no later thanBlack Saturday. Perusers will recite the refrains of the Pasyon immediately from start to finish before an extraordinarily built holy place or special stepped area. This constant perusing of the Pasyon is encouraged by the chanters working in shifts. The perusing of Pasyon must be done before 3 pm of Good Friday (when Jesus passed on the cross). Melodic backup to its recitation is rehearsed by a few however is in no way, shape or form all inclusive. (Pasyon, Wikipedia. organization) Before advancing into the contemporary variant of the perusing and reciting custom in the Philippines during the Lenten season, the early type of the pabasa was acquainted with the indigenous individuals of the Philippine islands by Spanish ministers. The Spaniards carried Catholicism to the Philippines. Step by step, over the time of Spanish expansionism in the Philippines (1521â€1898), the antiquated Filipinos adjusted the strict reciting presented by the Spanish clerics and joined it to their own custom of singing sagas during local festivals. (Pabasa (custom), Wikipedia. organization) Race One finds the word â€Å"race† used to allude to specific gathering of individuals contending each other for force or control. Race is one of the variables that shape the connection between people groups. As indicated by the pseudoscientists, there are enormous races (maybe four or five of them). In this view, race is about science, qualities, phenotype, and the body. It is physical, acquired, and changeless. The races are discrete from one another. Each race has not just explicit distinctive body highlights skin shading, hair surface, nose shape, etc however explicit character characteristics that can't be eradicated; they might be stifled, yet inevitably they will come out. These characteristics are social perspectives, for example, language, resident, religion, youngster raising practices, food propensities apparel, etc. (Paul Spickard, Race and Nation, 2005) Language One finds the word, â€Å"language† used to allude to a mind boggling and dynamic arrangement of ordinary images that is utilized in different modes for thought and correspondence (qtd in COMA 104 notes). Language may allude either to the explicitly human limit with respect to obtaining and utilizing complex frameworks of correspondence, or to a particular case of such an arrangement of complex correspondence. The logical investigation of language in any of its faculties is called etymology (language, Wikipedia. organization). Culture One finds the word, â€Å"culture† used to allude to the totality of group’s thought, understanding, and examples of conduct and its ideas esteems and suspicions about existence that manage conduct. (qtd. in COMA 104 notes) C. Explanation of the Problem Taking a gander at the current setting, many had guaranteed that the Filipino Language, culture, just as history and personality were totally contorted out of its unique shape, its unique human progress. Utilizing the pasyon as one of the devices acquainted by Spaniards with gradually overcome the Philippines, we center around this primary inquiry, what are the effects of the Pasyon and its persuasions that formed the Filipinos personality? Here are some extra inquiries that assist us with deciding the principal question: What are the elements that influence the impression of the two races in comprehension the pasyon. Do the two races have distinctive comprehension on the perusing? How did the interpretation influence or make an effect on the people’s observation? In addition, what were the other Christianization Strategies utilized by Spaniards to effectively change over the Filipinos to Roman Catholicism given the way that the two sides were having correspondence issues? To answer these inquiries, we will look at the substance and the historical backdrop of the pasyon especially the Pasyon Mahal. And furthermore, we will contemplate the two races (Spanish and Filipino) to decide how the pasyon affected their way of life, language, and qualities to what it is today. D. Targets of the Study The general goal of the investigation is to recognize the progressions and change of the Filipino society regarding the impacts brought by the Pasyon. We are additionally inspired by the diverse custom, convention, and thoughts brought by the colonizers during their intrusion. Generally, Pasyon will be analyzed as one of the fundamental reasons of how our way of life, race and language in the Philippines develop. We will likewise break down and value the substance of the pasyon as a factor that formed the Filipinos character; and to have the option to figure out how the Filipino culture and language advanced and balanced for a long time so to see additionally the current circumstance of Filipinos personality. Pasyon was utilized by the Spanish colonizers as one of their Christianization Strategies; hence we will likewise search for the effects utilized by the said perusing in Filipinos unique traditions and convention. In conclusion we will clarify why the two races have their own observation in understanding the Pasyon. E. Hypothetical and Conceptual system Theoretical structure coming up next are the hypotheses and ideas identified with this investigation: Medium Theory - medium influences recognition, otherwise called channel hypothesis, or media formalism. McLuhan (1964) tested customary definitions when he asserted that the medium is the message. With this case, he focused on how channels vary, as far as their substance, yet in addition as to how they stir and modify musings and faculties. He separated media by the subjective procedures each required. McLuhan advocated the possibility that channels are a predominant power that must be comprehended to know how the media impact society and culture. (Medium hypothesis, utwente. nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/) Standpoint Theory A point of view impacts how the individuals receiving it socially develop the world. Social gathering enrollment influences people’s points of view. The imbalances of various social gatherings make contrasts in their outlooks (Standpoint Theory, Wikipedia. organization). Reasonable system Sapir-Whorf theory would assist us with understanding the various view of the various races with various language of an occasion with a similar circumstance. Since it accept that distinctive language produce diverse method of conduct, this could help comprehend our inquiry: â€Å"Do the two races have distinctive comprehension on the perusing? †. This would assist us with understanding that the effects of the pasyon could have created more than one In media hypothesis, it is assumed that medium influences recognition. This thought would assist us with prompting an end on how the Pasyon was introduced to the crowd as the factor that influences their comprehension. While the viewpoint hypothesis, could assist us with taking care of the issue by making societal position as the fundamental factor of the issue since it demonstrates that individuals with various social levels have various recognitions since they are influenced by the chains of command they are in. F. Importance of the examination As Communication Arts understudies, we accept that this investigation will assist us with developing our comprehension about language and culture, especially in race and language where we can see the connection of how race, language and culture bit by bit changes. By this we will completely see how these three components are constantly forming one another. We will likewise figure out how to perceive how individuals in early occasions impart and how they relate messages in to the real world. For this situation, we will have the thought on how individuals have assortments of ideas and understandings relying upon the circumstance they are in. We are looking forward that our investigation will likewise add to the group of writing, explicitly, to the historical backdrop of Philippine writing. As far as energy about our Philippine culture, this investigation expects to look for and esteem the early literary works composed by our initial authors here in the Philippines and how this compositions stirred the brains of our initial saints. It would likewise cause us to comprehend that the religion of most Filipino today isn't exclusively impacted by the colonizers yet a religion step by step changed by our own one of a kind local Filipinos. Section II Research approach A. Examination structure Con

The NHS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The NHS - Essay Example This free treatment approach of the NHS should be changed, as this isn't just out of line to the citizens however is probably going to carry monetary breakdown to the NHS financial plan with the expanding number of diabetic and malignancy patients (Hardman, 2012). Illnesses of lungs malignant growth, diabetes, and metabolic disorder are the ones which require costly and draw out clinical treatment. Lungs malignant growth is the most known type of disease which can cause breaking down lungs of patients and could likewise bring about an agonizing demise. Specialists inquiring about on this infirmity have unmistakably expressed that 90% of the lung malignant growth is expected o cigarette smoking or tobacco utilization. As the quantity of dynamic smokers have expanded, so is the pace of lung malignant growth, and there is no other central point adding to this infection (Groves, 2012). Report of the American Lung Association on world sicknesses, uncovers that the among all malignant grow th passings including Breast and Colon disease, lung malignant growth has the most elevated number of passings (American Lung Association, 2013). Over the span of only 50 years, this infection has taken existences of more than 6.5 million individuals in the UK alone. The significant purposes behind this is the commitment of globalization, which has many cigarette, stogie and tobacco producing organizations, which has diminished the costs of these medications and has made it effectively open to everybody (Cancer Research UK, 2012). The other explanation is the absence of government consideration on this issue and the disappointment of presenting appropriate and cutting edge arrangements. In the continuous discussions to whether the NHS should change its financing and free treatment arrangements for lung malignant growth patients, these realities can give a firm ground to the contention of confining those assets. In such manner, Phillip Lee, a GP specialist, raised the point that if t he legislature continued paying for smokers and diabetic patients, it is in a way promising different smokers. He said in the NHS meeting (2012) that individuals are allowed to expend whatever they wish for, however just at the expense of their own cash. On the off chance that the NHS won't chop down the treatment costs financed to the smoking patients, at that point it is extremely unlikely the nation will dispose of smoking wellbeing issue (Groves, 2012). It is clear from these realities that the malady of lung malignant growth is because of the awful hunger decision and smoking propensity for the patient. Besides, these individuals have hurt the wellbeing of others in their environmental factors, as any individual who breathes in the smoke of cigarette is additionally influenced somewhat. Clinical scientists have sketched out the way that inactive smokers, the ones who are presented to cigarette smokes of a smoker, have a bigger number of opportunities to create lung malignancy t han the individuals who are not (Groves, 2012). This clarifies smokers have put their lives on dangers, yet additionally the lives of numerous other people who come in the region of their smoking zone. One empowering truth for these smokers is their free treatment from the medicinal services spending plan of the nation (Groves, 2012). The reason for giving free clinical treatment to patients is to help the individuals who can't manage the cost of for the clinical cost of their ailments or clutters, which have grown normally or accidently and they are not the ones mindful. Giving this office to lung malignant growth patients won't cause them to understand their demonstration of numbness and unethical behavior. Thusly, if people who are dependent on smoking or tobacco are

Manage Your Money with Mind Maps - Focus

Manage Your Money with Mind Maps - Focus So you’ve been mind mapping for a while now. You’ve completely organized your personal life. You have maps for every trip you take, every project you undergo, and each brainstorming session. Probably much much more! Now what? Let’s take this picture and turn it upside down and inside out. To see what happens! Think of everything you do in life as either “front stage” or “back stage.” Consider the entertainment industry with a mega rockstar on stage say Lady Gaga and her supporting cast numbering in the hundreds back stage. Imagine you are in the audience enjoying Lady Gaga sing “Bad Romance” in her latest bold outfit. All of a sudden, she stops in the middle of her song, the back stage curtain raises, and she begins introducing us to her support personnel. After a few minutes of this, you are more than a little perturbed. You didn’t come to see how it is made! You came to listen to awesome music and feast on fashionista Lady Gaga strutting her showstopper stuff! For a moment, envision a world where you and I are totally focused on our clients and customers. Our goal is to provide a top-notch, fully integrated great experience each and every time we interact with them. They live in a complex, frustrating, confusing world vulnerable to a daily distasteful diet of potentially bad decisions and choices. They hunger for simplicity, clarity, and freedom of choice. In comes you, mind mapping extraordinaire. What and how do you solve their daily dilemma? When our firm started using mind maps five years ago, we purposely did not initially focus on the back stage, the back office. Instead, we focused on the front stage: Specifically helping our clients understand their very complex financial lives. We devised a one-page master  mind map with 15 branches. Each branch represents a major branch of our clients financial lives: cash flow, taxes, estates, investments, employment benefits, real estate, etc. Each mind map is customized to clients specific individual circumstances. Imagine the estate branch, with several additional branch connections to their wills and trusts taking up a small part of the page, but clearly representing hundreds of pages of these documents. The same goes for every other branch. Spreadsheets, reports, statements, tax returns and legal documents, formerly a stupefying and overflowing old file drawer of documents, now organized and reduced to just one page! Our clients now have a one-page roadmap. The only common denominator is major branch names, their specific roadmap summaries of all areas of their financial lives are totally different. This is a very big WOW! And that is exactly what they say â€" WOW! By concentrating on our clients, instead of us, we have been able to offer them a unique experience of clearly understanding their roadmap. This understanding and clarity is 10 times more powerful than our back stage maps. Mind maps are an absolutely amazing tool for the front stage not just behind the curtains! Consider creating a front stage mind map the next time you are providing solutions, products or services for your clients or customers. Truly, they will experience a quantum transformation from confusion to clarity. In our experience, the front stage mind map is the single most powerful application of this great software tool. Please visit us at Protinus if you would like to see some examples of how we apply this in the financial services industry. In particular, watch the recorded webinar. About half way through, we walk through several front stage mind maps as applied to the financial services industry. Gary Klaben heads Protinus, an intellectual property firm that helps financial advisors deliver deep support to their clients. He is also president of Coyle Asset Management, a financial consulting and investment advisory services company. Get started with mind mapping Sign up for MindMeister Its free! Sign up for MindMeister Manage Your Money with Mind Maps - Focus So you’ve been mind mapping for a while now. You’ve completely organized your personal life. You have maps for every trip you take, every project you undergo, and each brainstorming session. Probably much much more! Now what? Let’s take this picture and turn it upside down and inside out. To see what happens! Think of everything you do in life as either “front stage” or “back stage.” Consider the entertainment industry with a mega rockstar on stage say Lady Gaga and her supporting cast numbering in the hundreds back stage. Imagine you are in the audience enjoying Lady Gaga sing “Bad Romance” in her latest bold outfit. All of a sudden, she stops in the middle of her song, the back stage curtain raises, and she begins introducing us to her support personnel. After a few minutes of this, you are more than a little perturbed. You didn’t come to see how it is made! You came to listen to awesome music and feast on fashionista Lady Gaga strutting her showstopper stuff! For a moment, envision a world where you and I are totally focused on our clients and customers. Our goal is to provide a top-notch, fully integrated great experience each and every time we interact with them. They live in a complex, frustrating, confusing world vulnerable to a daily distasteful diet of potentially bad decisions and choices. They hunger for simplicity, clarity, and freedom of choice. In comes you, mind mapping extraordinaire. What and how do you solve their daily dilemma? When our firm started using mind maps five years ago, we purposely did not initially focus on the back stage, the back office. Instead, we focused on the front stage: Specifically helping our clients understand their very complex financial lives. We devised a one-page master  mind map with 15 branches. Each branch represents a major branch of our clients financial lives: cash flow, taxes, estates, investments, employment benefits, real estate, etc. Each mind map is customized to clients specific individual circumstances. Imagine the estate branch, with several additional branch connections to their wills and trusts taking up a small part of the page, but clearly representing hundreds of pages of these documents. The same goes for every other branch. Spreadsheets, reports, statements, tax returns and legal documents, formerly a stupefying and overflowing old file drawer of documents, now organized and reduced to just one page! Our clients now have a one-page roadmap. The only common denominator is major branch names, their specific roadmap summaries of all areas of their financial lives are totally different. This is a very big WOW! And that is exactly what they say â€" WOW! By concentrating on our clients, instead of us, we have been able to offer them a unique experience of clearly understanding their roadmap. This understanding and clarity is 10 times more powerful than our back stage maps. Mind maps are an absolutely amazing tool for the front stage not just behind the curtains! Consider creating a front stage mind map the next time you are providing solutions, products or services for your clients or customers. Truly, they will experience a quantum transformation from confusion to clarity. In our experience, the front stage mind map is the single most powerful application of this great software tool. Please visit us at Protinus if you would like to see some examples of how we apply this in the financial services industry. In particular, watch the recorded webinar. About half way through, we walk through several front stage mind maps as applied to the financial services industry. Gary Klaben heads Protinus, an intellectual property firm that helps financial advisors deliver deep support to their clients. He is also president of Coyle Asset Management, a financial consulting and investment advisory services company. Get started with mind mapping Sign up for MindMeister Its free! Sign up for MindMeister

Essay on History of the Olympics - 1625 Words

While watching the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City this year I became interested in how the games started and what they were like in previous years. The Olympic Games as we know them have only been around since the first modern Olympiad, which was held in Athens in 1896. However, the tradition of athletic competition has been around longer than history itself. Athletics in Ancient Civilization nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Athletic competition was always an integral part of life for the members of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece. Physical fitness was extremely important, and children would start being trained to compete at a young age. Kings, pharaohs, and nobles spent much of their time training and preparing to†¦show more content†¦The events the athletes participated in were all related to war tactics, such as boxing, wrestling, etc. These small tournaments were the beginning of what would become the ancient Olympics. The Ancient Olympics nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Long before Nike was a sponsor and NBC had the television rights, the Olympics were very different. The ancient Greek Olympics were religious festivals designed to celebrate the gods. The competitors trained rigorously not for their own personal glory, but instead to impress and please their gods through a demonstration of strength and agility. To win an Olympic contest was regarded more highly than winning a battle and proved the individuals virtue. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are many legends related the beginning of the ancient Olympics. One such tale is that of Hercules winning a race at Olympia and he decreed that races should be instituted every four years. The most popular of the legends tells of Zeus originating the games after he defeated Cronus in battle. Records of the ancient Olympics date back to 776 BC, which was when the first official Olympiad was held. From then on they were held every four years in honor of Zeus, in accordance with the four-year time periods which the Greeks called Olympiads. The majority of the events were held at the Olympic stadium near the temple of Zeus just southwest of Athens. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The ancient games were the most sacred of events, defined by solemn openingShow MoreRelatedOlympic Diving and Olympic History1023 Words   |  5 PagesAnything related to the Olympics sports in today’s modern era dates clear back to 776 BC; however, some sports that are in the twenty-first-century Olympic Games have only just started. A sport like diving reached the Olympic level in 1904 at the Summer Olympic Games. Both springboard and platform diving have had an interest in my life, since, indeed I am a diver myself. As diving had began to evolve from just a simple â€Å"swan dive† to a 109 B (Forward 4 and  ½ somersaults, pike). 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Improving The Quality Of Academic Writing - 997 Words

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Speaking Through the Movement of Dance. Free Essays

Speaking Through the Movement of Dance Summary: Many people think of dance as human communication at its most basic level. Some form of dance can be found in every culture, regardless of its location or stage of development. It is easy to see that dance is a natural, universal human activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Speaking Through the Movement of Dance. or any similar topic only for you Order Now But what most people overlook to see is that dance can be found as a form of writing just like any other genre out there. So this explains how and why dance is a form of writing, and goes specially into choreographed dancing and how routines are a part of writing. What’s the first thing that pops in your head when you think about dance or dancing? That its form of writing right? WRONG! When thinking about dance or dancing the first thing most people think about is shaking their butts across the dance floor while grooving to the latest jams. But what most people don’t realize is that dance is a form of writing, weird right? I would of never guessed that either, until I went on a recent trip back to Chicago, and one of my best friends invited me to a dance performance at her school, not only was the show very entertaining. I learned that dance is more than moving to the rhythm of the beat to your favorite song, but that dance tells a story. Which most people don’t realize. Dance routines are very unique and explore states of mind and feelings such as pleasure and pain. I’ve heard people who like to dance mention things like dancing is form art and writing. They say some people dance to express their feelings and emotions. Other people dance to feel better, but dance can be used to tell a story. As if it is a language or written in a book. It utilizes many of the elements that can be found in other forms of writing and genres like tattooing’, graffiti, Facebook post and many more. But what is dance really? You +1’d this publicly. UndoDance is when people move to a musical rhythm. They may be alone, or in a group. The dance may be an informal play, part of a ritual, or part of a professional performance. There are many kinds of dance, and every human society has its dances. Dances may be planned in detail, or they may be whatever dancers feel like doing. However, most dancing does follow some general style or pattern. Dance takes as its subject matter moving visual patterns, feelings, states of mind, and narrative, in various combinations. The form of the dance, the details and the parts as they work together to organize the structure, gives us insight into the subject matter. However, the details, the parts, and the structure are not as easily perceived as they are in painting, sculpture, or writing. Because when in dance you have to pay very close attention to the little details and follow and feel what the dancers are doing. In this article I want to take a closer look only on choreographed dancing and how it’s a form of writing because the word choreography literally means â€Å"dance-writing†. Choreography is not just stringing together steps and figures. That’s boring. When choreographing a dance you need to first ask yourself why the audience is there. What do they want to see? What would interest them? Why should they like your piece? Or even if they don’t like it, how will it impact them. What will hold their attention at each moment? Keep your audience in mind during every step of your design. Just like an author when writing a book or any writing you still need to follow the same kind of steps in order for people to recognize and acknowledge your work because no one wants to read a boring book nor want to see a boring dance. hat’s why practice makes perfect. Writing, obviously, is my favorite form of expression. It allows me to dance with words, spin with anecdotes and tap out my frustrations. Just like dancing, it is not always easy or a graceful performance. Sometimes I falter, fall, miss a step and tap off beat. I sweat a lot when I’m on deadline and I doubt my abilities when the task is difficult. But at other times, my words gracefully fly off the page like a ballerina mastering a leap. When I keep trying and practicing, the steps get easier and encourage me to keep dancing along. I can also express myself as a writer, expanding my repertoire with different styles. Just as dancers switch from tap and ballet to hip hop and jazz, writers also strengthen their skills and express themselves by varying the tone, organization and style. When I’m frustrated, I tap out an opinion piece to persuade my audience. When I’m happy, I compile a light-hearted narrative or anecdotal piece. When I’m feeling sassy, I throw a little attitude into a blog post and quite often, I spruce up my wording to jazz up an article. In reality, writers are dancers at heart. We sway to the words, we feel the meaning we wish to express and we type to a rhythm with every piece. And sometimes, we pop, lock and drop it just for fun. Work Cited Page: â€Å"Dance. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Aug. 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 â€Å"What Is Dance to You? † Yahoo! Answers. Yahoo! , n. d. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. â€Å"What Is Choreography? † What Is Choreography? N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. Annette Lamb and Larry Johnson,. â€Å"Dance. † Dance. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Nov. 2012 Unknown. â€Å"Dance Quotes. † Dance Quotes. N. p. , n. d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012 How to cite Speaking Through the Movement of Dance., Papers

Dreams Understanding Essay Example For Students

Dreams Understanding Essay The subconscious is usually the right side of the brain or the opposite side ofthe persons writing hand. Within the subconscious lie different types of thingssuch as suppressed emotions, creativity, and basic human instinct (Ullman andZimmerman 1979). The conscious part of the mind works when people are awake andis the part of the mind that handles things that people can understand. No onetruly knows why a person cant interact with the subconscious while awake,however studies show that dreams are a way in which people can better comprehendits behavior. The condition of the body during dreaming is interesting becausethe brain shuts off all sensory receptors thus, canceling all somatic impulses (Ullmanand Zimmerman 1979). This puts the body in an almost paraplegic state. The brainhowever continues to control all autonomic functions such as blood flow, heartpulsation, and lung inflation. During the sleep, homeostasis will fluctuatebecause sleep occurs on four stages (Davidmann, 1998). T he individual goes fromawake to stage 1, then to 2, 3, and finally 4, the deepest stage of sleep. Afterspending about twenty minutes in stage 4, they return to stage 1 and progressback to stage 4. The individual will continue to make these cycles throughouttheir sleep. Most individuals will experience about 4 to 5 cycles a night (Davidmann,1998). This is why humans are more apt to wake up at specific times in the nightand not sporadically (most people do not notice this however). During stage 1the individual will experience what has been named REM (Rapid Eye Movement), Iwill make further elaboration on REM momentarily. For now I would like to pointout that during REM the body will show more signs of consciousness byspontaneous muscle contractions, flagellate excretion, and oculomotercoordination (eye movement). The body will experience these tensions andreactions because this is the active time of sleep in the average human (Davidmann,1998). I spoke earlier of REM (Rapid Eye Movemen t); it is the time in which theindividual will have their dreams. Nathaniel Kleitman discovered it in 1953. Italways occurs in the lightest stage of sleep, stage 1. It has been given itsname because of the muscle contractions in the eye motor receptors. Theseelectrical impulses originate from the brain stem and then travel to the eyes toproduce imagery. The catalysts for these impulses are triggered by thesubconscious mind and the emotions within it (Davidmann, 1998). The REM willusually begin ninety minutes after sleep is initiated and will last roughly tento fifteen minutes (Davidmann, 1998). It is during the ten to fifteen minutesthat dreams occur. The REM will end and the individual will slip into deepersleeps, until the forth stage is reached. Once this occurs the mind begins tocome out of the deeper sleep stages until it reaches the REM once again. Theinteresting factor is that each time the sleeper enters the REM phase of sleepthe REM phase will increase in length. This repea ts four to five times in theaverage sleep. The reason the dreams occur in the REM or the lightest stage isbecause this is the only stage in which the conscious mind can interpret theimagery of the subconscious. This is not to say that the subconscious doesntremain active in deeper sleep stages but the conscious mind isnt alert enoughto decipher the imagery the subconscious creates in deep sleep. A goodpersonification description of this is to say that the conscious simply cantswim as deep as the subconscious. The REM is also interesting because if aperson does not experience it they will suffer from various sleeping disordersbecause it is required by the body just like sunlight is required. People whoexperience exaggerated REM will suffer from fatigue and sleep depravation whilethey are awake. Usually, a fully-grown person has about 4 to 5 cycles of REMsleep, consisting of about 25% of a nights sleep. A newborn childs sleep canconsist of as high as 50% REM type sleep (Davidmann, 199 8). As I previouslystated, a person would go through the sleep stage cycle four to five times anight, hence four to five dreams per night. With this in mind it can becalculated the average human being will have 136,000 dreams in a lifetime,spending about six total years in the REM stage dreaming. Mentally retardedindividuals or people with low IQs tend to spend less time in the REM typesleep, but other mental disorders are capable of initiating more REM type sleep. .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab , .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab .postImageUrl , .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab , .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab:hover , .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab:visited , .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab:active { border:0!important; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab:active , .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0a16990cdb4df4534bb272c2c632aaab:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Homeless in England Essay The reason for this is unknown. Now that the diagnostics of dreams has beencovered I would like to focus on the origin of dreams from a medical standpoint. As a consequence, memory, sensory, muscle-control, and cognitive areas of thebrain are randomly stimulated, resulting in the higher cortical brain attemptingto make some sense of it. The reason for these stimulations is unknown butvarious medical researchers believe they are the after effects of certainchemical reactions in the brain. This, according to the research, gives rise tothe experience of a dream, but there is controversy of the question of whetherdreams have intentional meaning. Many psychotherapists agree that dreams arestimulated by impulses from the brain stem but they have actual meaning and arenot just hallucinations.

Internet Rewires Our Brain

The Internet has become an essential part of human life. It is impossible to imagine a civilized house without an Internet. All the companies work with the help of the Internet and it seems that people are unable to live without this innovation. The Internet gives people much.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Rewires Our Brain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More News is considered on the Internet, all the information people need may be found online, people communicate and entertain with the help of the Internet. However, many scientists start warning people about the harmful effect of the Internet on human brain. To operate actively and successfully, human brain should work. The Internet prevents people from thinking that results in stunting their mental growth. Much research is initiated in this direction and thinking critically it is possible to find many reasons why people should start warring about their brain rewire. Reading the article ‘As the Internet rewires our brains’ written on February 28, 2009 by Kurt Cagle, it is impossible to disagree with the statements provided there that the Internet â€Å"is turning us into idiot savants, Aspergers and reverting our brains to a more primitive state†. Starting the discussion with the most popular Internet services, it is essential to speak about Facebook and Twitter. These services affect human ability to think. Children who start communicating in these social nets stop thinking critically. Heavy use of Facebook and Twitter makes children just repeat the said, think primitive and forget about critical skills. To be critically developed, human brain has to work. Such services as Facebook and Twitter do not give people an opportunity to think, they just make them consume some information which does not train human brain. People repeat primitive statements, they get to know the simplest news about the life of other pe ople, but this information does not make people think, therefore, their brain remains stable. As it has already been mentioned, people have to train their brain to have the skills of critical thinking and to have brain work, in general. What is Facebook? It is a social network which helps people to get in touch, but, in practice, many people have made it the way of their life. Twitter is a more primitive way of social life, and it also makes people degrade. How else does the social network affect people? Thinking about the Internet, the most spread facility which comes to mind is communication.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is obvious that many people communicate online with friends and relatives who live far away. But the main problem is that there are people who begin to think that online communication is the only way of interaction. Kurt Cagle in his article presents sev eral examples of the cases when people could not understand each other when speaking in the real world. Live communications are not interesting for people. Modern youth would better write a message online than call to a person or arrange a meeting. Online people have an opportunity to speak with many friends at one and the same time and there is no need to leave the house. Moreover, people are able to write messages without showing intonation and face reaction. People can think about the answer for some time. All these aspects make people lazy. Therefore, when they speak in a real world, from eye to eye, it seems that they fail to understand each other as there is not much time on thinking. Rereading a message or answering it online people may think thoroughly, but there is no such an opportunity while real communication. Speaking in a real world people forget how to express their opinion. They have to think fast, but the absence of constant training and practice does not give them a chance to express their thoughts adequately that leads to full misunderstanding. One more problem of the Internet which confirms the opinion that it rewires our brains is the absence of the concentration while reading. When people read books they have to be too concentrated not to leave important details. Now, reading a book, people do not need to think about it. There is a lot of software and other possibilities which help people find necessary information in the text without reading the whole part. Moreover, having forgotten the place where the information is located people can easily search for that fragment using the innovative technologies. This also leaves people without the necessity to train their brain. According to Kurt Cagle, human brain has to work in order to be active. When people read information with the desire to remember it brain works, but if people do not try to memorize the most important parts, when they are not interested in thinking critically brain stops w orking. Moreover, the Internet is full of many comments and reviews on the necessary topic and many people use them. It is easier to ask at Yahoo or use another service online where those who think may answer this question. This information is referred to. Unfortunately, the Internet gives people too much information. The intensive stream of information lowers human attention. It is a fact that when people consume too much information they do not need to, they stop paying much attention to it, their attention lowers and it leads to inability to remember information. Those facts which people have to remember may be found online, why should they memorize them?Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Rewires Our Brain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kurt Cagle says that all the changes in human activities lead to changes in human mind. When people learnt speaking their brain changed. The development of reading an d writing also affected human mind. Now the Internet era has come and it is a big question whether it benefits human brain or harms it. According to the facts and research which has already been conducted, the Internet â€Å"kills† the skills people have been obtaining during many centuries. The innovations assist people and make their lives easier. However, they also prevent human brain from work which is a negative side. In conclusion, I would like to state that I agree with the article ‘As the Internet rewires our brains’ by Kurt Cagle. People stop learning. Getting more information, they do not see a necessity to remember it that prevents their brain from work. It is obvious that human live communication is important, but people do not tend to speak to each other eye to eye as it is easier to write a message. All these factors are upsetting as the destinations of many centuries are ruined. New generations would follow the examples of their parents and they wo uld refuse to think. Thus, I suppose that in several centuries we will have to start learning writing and critical thinking as our ancestries did. This essay on Internet Rewires Our Brain was written and submitted by user Kairi Maxwell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Delphi Compiler Version Directives

Delphi Compiler Version Directives If you plan on writing Delphi code that should work with several version of the Delphi compiler you need to know under which versions your code gets compiled. Suppose you are writing your own commercial custom component. Users of your component might have different Delphi versions than you have. If they try to recompile the components code- your code- they might be in trouble! What if you were using default parameters in your functions and the user has Delphi 3? Compiler directive: $IfDef Compiler directives are special syntax comments we can use to control the features of the Delphi compiler. The Delphi compiler has three types of directives: switch directives, parameter directives, and conditional directives. Conditional compilation lets us selectively compile parts of a source code depending on which conditions are set. The $IfDef compiler directive starts a conditional compilation section. The syntax looks like: {$IfDef DefName} ... {$Else} ... {$EndIf} The DefName presents the so-called conditional symbol. Delphi defines several standard conditional symbols. In the code above, if the DefName is defined the code above $Else gets compiled. Delphi Version Symbols A common use for the $IfDef directive is to test the version of the Delphi compiler. The following list indicates the symbols to check when compiling conditionally for a particular version of the Delphi compiler: SYMBOL - COMPILER VERSIONVER80 - Delphi 1VER90 - Delphi 2VER100 - Delphi 3VER120 - Delphi 4VER130 - Delphi 5VER140 - Delphi 6VER150 - Delphi 7VER160 - Delphi 8VER170 - Delphi 2005VER180 - Delphi 2006VER180 - Delphi 2007VER185 - Delphi 2007VER200 - Delphi 2009VER210 - Delphi 2010VER220 - Delphi XEVER230 - Delphi XE2WIN32 - Indicates that the operating environment is the Win32 API.LINUX - Indicates that the operating environment is LinuxMSWINDOWS - Indicates that the operating environment is the MS Windows/li]CONSOLE - Indicates that an application is being compiled as a console application By knowing the above symbols it is possible to write code which works with several versions of Delphi by using compiler directives to compile appropriate source code for each version. Note: symbol VER185, for example, is used to indicate Delphi 2007 compiler or an earlier version. Using VER symbols Its quite usual (and desirable) for each new Delphi version to add several new RTL routines to the language. For example, the IncludeTrailingBackslash function, introduced in Delphi 5, adds  \  to the end of a string if it is not already there. In the Delphi MP3 project, I have used this function and several readers have complained that they cant compile the project- they have some Delphi version prior to Delphi 5. One way to solve this problem is to create your own version of this routine - the AddLastBackSlash function. If the project should be compiled on Delphi 5, the IncludeTrailingBackslash is called. If some of the previous Delphi versions are used, then we simulate the IncludeTrailingBackslash function. It could look something like: function AddLastBackSlash(str: string) : string;begin{$IFDEF VER130}   Result:IncludeTrailingBackslash(str) ; {$ELSE}if Copy(str, Length(str), 1) \ then   Ã‚  Ã‚  Result : str   else   Ã‚  Result : str \;​{$ENDIF}end; When you call the AddLastBackSlash function Delphi figures out which portion of the function should be used and the other part is simply skipped. Delphi 2008 Delphi 2007 uses VER180 in order to maintain non-breaking compatibility with Delphi 2006 and then adds VER185 in order for development that specifically needs to target Delphi 2007 for whatever reason. Note: any time the interface of a unit changes the code that uses that unit has to be re-compiled. Delphi 2007 is non-breaking release meaning that DCU files from Delphi 2006 will work as-is.

Critique globalization (the super story) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critique globalization (the super story) - Essay Example Due to the emergence of digital applications and the internet in globalization, I also expected that he would touch on the topic of the application of the internet in moving globalization towards the right direction and route. It was therefore not surprising to find that he touched on the areas of supermarkets and the creation of the global financial centers. In explaining the manner in which nations are interconnected especially after the cold war, Friedman captured the role of the United States as the superpower that has remained. He however failed to provide a description of the post-cold war era especially the knowledge on how it affected the economic powers of the people and how it influenced growth. In Friedman, the process through markets integrates and develops uniform transportation and communication systems for doing business across the world is globalization, a process that has never been seen in history. Through this process, corporations spread across the world have been enabled to move the products from one point to the other with haste, efficiency and precision than was witnessed before. Through this definition, the author has clearly captured the business systems that exist today especially capturing the post and pre-cold war eras that witnessed world integration and formation of economic powerhouses. Though looking simple, the definition has captured the fact that markets across the world have been interconnected and brought together through web connectivity, a process that can allow companies as separate and far apart as North America to do business with Asia (Friedman 474). Before the eyes of Friedman, globalization is a force multiplier that gives nations, global markets and individuals at different levels of incorporation are empowered to communicate and us the available resources. According to Friedman, globalization is tool that leads to the distribution

Why does the United States have an inconsistent policy in the middle Essay - 2

Why does the United States have an inconsistent policy in the middle east - Essay Example It is argued that United States foreign policy should reflect the national values and the goals set up by the founding fathers of the U.S (Oren, pp.23).  The united states  have been on the receiving end towards its policies in the Middle East, a situation that has shifted from the last 200 years (Schuler, para.2). This paper  therefore  explores the reason for United States foreign policy inconsistency in the Middle East. Interest of United States in Middle East One of the reason the United States keep shifting goal post when it comes to foreign policy towards Middle East is that it has a legitimate interest in the region.  The presence of United States in Middle East commenced during the American civil war when the Ottoman Empire and the United States entered a treaty on trade and maritime law and this was merely to get oil from the region (Schuler, para.6).  The motive of foreign policy that was aimed at oil shipment and other trade suffered setbacks when there were ma jor shake ups in Saudi Arabia and Iran and this led to the shift of the policy to safeguard the interest of the United States.  The situation was further aggravated by the Iraq-Iran War which interfered with Gulf Shipment and this lead to changes in the foreign policy. The incoherent and inconsistent foreign policy towards Middle East is also a way of securing access to the region that has vital oil resources.  United States seeks to ensure a constant supply and open flow of oil and this has led formulation of foreign policy that supports corrupt and repressive royal family of Saudi Arabia who violate human rights in the country.  The need for open flow of oil also meant that United States up  to  1970s  supported  the corrupt and repressive shah of Iran (Kamrava, pp.198). This has led to the breeding of leaders that are not welcomed at home although United States strongly support them so as to accomplish its interest. The issue of balancing the national and domestic p olitical interest has also resulted in conflicting foreign policy in the Middle East. This has made it difficult for the United States government to formulate consistent policies towards the Middle East Region.  For example, due to the differences between the white house advisers and officials in the state department and pentagon led President Truman to formulate a reactive and inconsistent policy towards Palestine in 1947-1949 a situation that contributed to escalated tensions in United States relations with both Israel and the Arab Community (Hahn,pp.45).The level at which United States administrators have succeeded in safeguarding United States interest in the Middle East has  therefore  largely depended on the incumbent president. Securing Territorial Boundary in Middle East United States foreign policy has not been inconsistent in terms of maintaining the status quo of the Middle East territorial boundary (Oren, pp.35). This has led to support of other nations while sidel ining others.  For instance, there has  been  unqualified support for Israel with a view of maintaining the territorial boundary between Palestine and Israeli.  United States is offering economic and military assistance to Israeli and  these  incoherent policies  have created perceptions in the Middle East that is the main cause of injustices in the region.  Currently, majority of the Middle East countries view United States and Israel has  having  mutual interest or that Israel is a tool of United States foreign policy (Kamrava, pp.197). Global Superpower The position of United states globally especially after the Gulf war and the Cold war also led to the development of various foreign policies which were inconsistent and some of them generated anger and resentment in the Middle Ea

Developing a Moral Community with Limited Resources

Developing a Moral Community with Limited Resources Dwayne Potenteau During one of my experiences in hospital I was assigned to a nurse in Telemetry. The nurse (we will call her Susan) had been on shift for about an hour and was already working at a torrid pace. In addition to the clients she had to monitor which were 8 in total, the Rn was also assigned 6 patients to care for. Most of the clients were from ICU or had been assigned to her due to the overflow from the emergency department. One patient in particular (Mrs. Smith) had multiple symptoms starting with hepatic encephalitis with ascites and varices, diabetes, and had been admitted due to atrial fibrillation which had been downgraded to a controlled rate of atrial fibrillation when the nurse came on. The time needed to care for this complex client had to be somehow scheduled into the nurses’ duties to care for the clients on telemetry in conjunction with the other 5 clients. The new order for Mrs Smith had also been changed and a new large dose of 22 units of rapid and 42 units of NPH i nsulin had been modified by the physician. The nurse questioned the order and stated her concerns over the dosage but was told to administer and monitor the client. The dosage along with the limited amount of time to monitor the client posed a larger concern for developing hypoglycemia. The nurse then called in her manager stating the issues of providing care with limited time and nursing complex patients. The manager stated that the nurse just has to deal with it as there was no help available at this time. Reflecting on the experience I felt stressed and a little overwhelmed at the idea of being responsible for so many patients with little time, resources and support. I responded to the situation by providing some relational practice as this was a community experience and I could not actually do much but shadow the nurse. The nurse did not have the time or adequate support in staff to care for the clients other than their immediate urgent needs. The biggest ethical issue I had was determining how could a nurse fulfill their nursing duty to provide safe, compassionate competent care with limited resources. The rising costs of health care have increased the number of clients the nurses must care for and are under stress to keep costs down. As a future nurse, this means taking on a larger workload. When resources are low nurses face the problem of fulfilling the ethical responsibility of prioritizing care while trying to maintain a high professional standard of client centered care for all patients(Canadian Nurses Association[CNA], 2008). The other ethical concern is where do we go to express our concerns when issues such as limited resources prevent us from performing our ethical duties? The last is the amount and quality of care we give when our nursing values are compromised by limited resources. Rationing Care The aforementioned issue revolves around the allocation of resources also known as rationing of care. In nursing, rationing of care can be defined as the withdrawal of necessary components due to the lack of resources (Carryer, 2014; Tonnessen, Nortvedt, Forde, 2011).The reasons for rationing of resources for health care can be linked to 3 main levels. Societal where funding for health care is provided from the government, Institutional, where health authorities and agencies determine which programs receive funding, and individual where professionals determine how to treat individual clients (CNA, 2000). Nurses face the scarcity of resources on a daily basis. This type of infrastructure pressures have forced nurses to make ethical decisions such as distributive justice(Tonnessin et al. 2011). Tonnessin et al. (2011) states that distributive justice is the allocation of resources to those who need it most. The In order to decipher who receives care nurses often need to make these deci sions quickly and effectively. To make these decisions, nurses often call upon their own prioritize their clinical judgements. The hastened assessments and interventions increase the chance of reduced patient care outcomes (Papastravou, Andreou, Vryonides, 2014). The imbalance between time to care for the client and the stresses of limited resources leads to moral distress in deciding what is best for the client as the individual or community as client. Susan had shown that she was torn between serving all her clients and attending to the most critical. Corporate Influence Allocation Utilitarianism is defined as the benefit of the whole outweighs the benefits of the individual. By maximizing time allotted for in caring for the client, the nurse performs only the most necessary procedures. This process deviates from the individualistic care that is required in nursing. Reduction in time allocated for patients, reduced beds, and lengths of stay all lead to reduced care and capacity for choice in a client’s health (CNA, 2000). Part of the reason for the stresses can be linked to the health care system that determines allocation of resources. According to the CNA, corporate values and resulting policy are determine resource allocation through the ideology of economics and scarcity (CNA, 2000). The ideology revolves around the notion that economics and unattainable resources contribute to and justify limited resources for nurses(CNA, 2000). Urban (2014) furthers the corporate culture of scarcity by noting that nurses have come to accept the idea of reduced time , staff, and resources as part of their normal working environment. The fact that nurses had to work with inadequate resources while still being fiscally responsible and giving safe effective care had to has lead many nurses to a state of moral/ethical distress. Moral/Ethical Distress The concept of moral/ethical distress is changing. Even the Code of Ethics which is the governing body for assisting nurses in their decision making has modified over the years. According to the CNA the word â€Å"expectation† had been removed in the 2008 definition of ethical/moral distress (CNA, 2002). Although the definition encompasses what nurses feel when working with limited resources the removal of the word shows an acceptance of the changing culture. The actual definition for ethical/moral distress has changed so has the duty to â€Å"assist persons to achieve their optimum level of health in situations of normal health, illness, injury, or in the process of dying† (CNA, 1997, p.8). The removal of this component of nursing duty clearly shows the effects of limited resources. In particular the omission of the word â€Å"optimal† has been removed from the standards, and only found in the definition of global health (CNA, 2008). The removal of the word opti mal contradicts the actualization of limited beds for patients and bedside care. The contradiction can heighten the difference in how nurses have been educated in providing care and the care they actually give. The discrepancy in giving care due to limited resources leads directly to moral distress. The leading element of moral distress is the lack of time spent with the patient (CNA, 2000). Limited time leads to reduced care, opposing ethical values of how a patient ought to be treated. Moral Community for Nurses Moral Community is defined as a community where values are understood and used to guide ethical actions of the community (CNA, 2008). Although the actual issue of limited resources may not be directly addresses at the nursing level within a hospital, setting up a moral community in the department is a good first step. Nurses have knowledge in direct patient care and the education to determine what role and working environment they want to participate in. In order to address moral distress due to limited resources nurses need to work with their fellow nurses, managers, and policy makers to make these changes. Examples are nurses communicating on ethical issues through their unit and ethical committees in the hospital. Park notes that nurses tend to deal with ethical issues using their own beliefs and values rather than using ethical committees. In addition Kalish (2009) notes that repercussions on speaking about on ethical issues may deter nurses from participating in ethical discussi on or committees. To have the courage to face the stresses of the current nursing environment nurses must embrace moral courage. Moral courage is the ability of a nurse to remain loyal to their moral belief or principle when faced with fear or threats (CNA, 2008). The role of moral courage and ways to address ethical concerns, and moral ethical dilemmas can also be found in nursing associations such as ARNBC (Association of Registered Nurses of BC), and CRNBC (College of Registered Nurses of BC). Since 2005 CRNBC had moved from an association towards a regulatory body and in doing so, had left gaps in how nurses can communicate ethical issues such as limited resources. One of the resources that has been available since 2013 is ARNBC. ARNBC’s mandate to provide communication and act as a voice for the nurses of BC, and also work towards sustainable practices and support structures for nurses (ARNBC, 2015). Since 2005, nurses had no real place to communicate ethical issues such as limited resources and although they had the union, no real avenue to tackle the policy issues or to influence change in their community. In order to improve working conditions ARNBC can support nurses through inter collaboration, and supporting professional prac tice and advancement of the profession. Through these avenues, nurses now have a way to address their ethical concerns not solely focused on limited resources. Another avenue to address limited resources is through CRNBC. Through crnbc nurses can address the limited resources by defining the issue, communication, documentation, and intercollaboration. Defining the issue in the case with susan, claritfication on allocation of 6 patients which is more than the standard amount of patients. Nurses should communicate their problems with their managers and coordinators. Conclusion When providing patient care, observation to what is present and what is influencing nursing practice is crucial to improving overall care. Limited resources leads to rationing of care resulting in less bedside care for patients and presents and ethical dilemma in upholding our References Association of Registered Nurses of BC. (2015). Retrieved February 24, 2015, from http://www.arnbc.ca/about-us/about-us.php Burston, A., Tuckett, A. (2012). Moral distress in nursing: Contributing factors, outcomes, and interventions. Nursing ethics (20).3. 312 324 Canadian Nurses Association. (2008). Code of ethics for registered nurses. Retrieved from http://www.cna-aiic.ca/ CNA/documents/pdf/publications/Code_of_Ethics_2008_e.pdf Canadian Nurses Association. (2000). Working with limited resources: Nurses moral constraints. Ethics in practice. ISSN 1480 – 9990. Ottawa. ON Carryer, J. (2014) The consequences of rationing care. Kai tiaki nursing new Zealand. (20). 6 Kalisch., B. Landstrom., G. Hinshaw., A. (2009). Missed nursing care: A concept analysis. Journal of advanced nursing (65) 7, 1509 1517 Papastravou., E. Andreou., P. Vryonides., S. (2014). The hidden ethical element of nursing care rationing. Nursing ethics. (21) 5 583 – 593 Park, M. (2009). Ethical issues in nursing practice. Journal of nursing law. (13).3. 68 77 Tonnessin., S. Nortvdet., P. Forde., R. (2011). Rationing home based nursing care: Professional ethical implications. Nursing Ethics (18), 3. 386 – 396 Urban, A. (2014). Taken for granted: Normalizing nurses’ work in hospitals. Nursing inquiry. (21). 1. 69 78

Rational Performance Testing

Hello World: Rational Performance Tester Get to the bottom of application performance issues Skill Level: Intermediate Dennis Schultz (dennis. [email  protected] ibm. com) Marketing Engineer IBM 12 Mar 2007 This tutorial in the Hello World series introduces you to IBM ® Rational ® Performance Tester and highlights its basic features. Practical, hands-on exercises teach you how to record automated performance tests, use data-driven techniques to ensure randomization, play-back tests, and evaluate real-time performance reports.Upon completing the tutorial you will be able to use Rational Performance Tester to determine the cause of performance problems in your applications. Section 1. Before you start About this series The Hello World series is for novice developers who want a high-level, hands-on overview of IBM software products. Each tutorial in the series provides simple exercises and step-by-step instructions to familiarize you with the components and use of a particular pro duct. Upon completing a tutorial in the Hello World series you will know enough about the product to begin exploring and using it on your own.About this tutorial This tutorial uses hands-on exercises to familiarize you with Rational Performance Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 1 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorks Tester. Step-by-step instructions teach you how to record an automated performance test, enhance the test using built-in data-driven techniques, play-back the test as part of a performance schedule, and evaluate real-time reports to determine the root cause of a performance problem. The maximum estimated running time for the tutorial is three hours. ObjectivesAfter completing this tutorial you should understand the basic functions of Rational Performance Tester and be able to use it to discover and analyze performance problems in your applications. Prerequisites This tutorial is for testers new to test automation and unfamiliar with Rational Performance Tester. As you are taking the tutorial, you can practice the steps yourself if you have access to the environment the tutorial requires. If you don't have access to the environment, you can still read the tutorial and view the animated demos. You just won't be able to try the steps for yourself.The easiest way to access the tutorial environment is through the Rational Performance Tester online trial system created for the tutorial. The trial system uses the Citrix Access Platform to provide you with a connection from your workstation to a remote server running Rational Performance Tester, WebSphere Application Server 6. 0, and the sample application to be tested. If you choose to set up the tutorial environment on your own machine, please use the Hello World: Rational Performance Tester (for downloadable trial code) version of this tutorial that is written for this purpose.In order to view the animated demos for the tutorial you must enable JavaScript in your browser and install Macromedia Flash Player 6 or higher. Animated demos If this is your first encounter with a developerWorks tutorial that includes animated demos you might want to know a few things about them: †¢ Demos are an optional way to see the steps described in the tutorial done for you. To view an animated demo, click the given Show me link and the demo will open in a new browser window. †¢ Each demo contains a navigation bar at the bottom of the screen.Use the navigation bar to pause, exit, rewind, or fast-forward portions of the demo. Rational Performance Tester Page 2 of 26  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks ® †¢ The demos are 800 x 600 pixels. If this is the maximum resolution of your screen or if your resolution is lower than this then you will have to scroll to see some areas of the demo. †¢ You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser and Macromedia Flash Player 6 or higher installed to view the demos. Section 2. Getting started Overview of Rational Performance TesterIBM Rational Performance Tester, hereafter known as Performance Tester, is a performance test creation, execution, and analysis tool that helps development teams validate the scalability and reliability of their Web-based applications before deployment. Many of Performance Tester's features have been explicitly designed with the novice load tester in mind. Performance Tester allows you to use one of several Web browsers (Internet Explorer, Mozilla, or Firefox) to test a Web-based application. The results of your interaction are captured and recorded on the operating system of your choice (Windows or Linux).The test is presented in a concise tree-based editor that is capable of exposing underlying details to the expert on an â€Å"as needed† basis. Test scripts are then grouped together in various combinations to reflect the multiple types of user that comprise the projected user population. You can specify the number of simulated system users at execution time. Test execution is accompanied by easy-to-read, real-time reports that update throughout the test run. Bottlenecks based on metrics such as round-trip performance, transaction rates, and system diagnostics are highlighted in these reports.You can also use Performance Tester to further identify the root cause of poor performance problems from the hardware- or software-component level through advanced resource monitoring and response-time tracking. Although this tutorial focuses on testing a J2EE, Web-based application, you can use Performance Tester to test any Web-based application. You can also extend Performance Tester to test the performance of additional application types such as Siebel, SAP, and Citrix (see Resources). Setting up the tutorial environment Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008.All rights reserved. Page 3 of 26 develop erWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorks As previously mentioned, the easiest way to access this tutorial is through the online trial system developed using the Citrix Access Platform. The trial system gives you free access to Performance Tester, WebSphere Application Server 6. 0, and the Adventure Builder sample application, and minimizes your installation and configuration time for the tutorial. Once you have registered for the online trial system, installed the Citrix Metaframe Presentation Server, and logged into the server, you are ready to begin.Performance Tester will launch in a Citrix client session and will appear just as if it were running on your local desktop. You can interact with it just as you would if it were installed locally. The countdown clock on the Rational Test Drive Environment Web page will keep track of the time remaining in your session. If you choose to set up the tutorial environment locally you will need to install and configure Rational Performance Tester and WebSphere Application Server 6. 0 in your workstation. Note that the Adventure Builder sample application used by this tutorial is only available with WebSphere Application Server 6. , not 6. 1. You should also allow additional time to create and configure a project in which to store your test artifacts before starting. The tutorial is written from the assumption that you are using the online trial system. Performance Tester and Eclipse Performance Tester is based on the open-source Eclipse platform. Eclipse provides a rich working environment for many tools, both open source and commercial, including many of the offerings of the Rational Software Delivery Platform such as Rational Software Architect, Rational Application Developer for WebSphere Software, and Rational Functional Tester (see Resources).This provides a common user experience for tooling across the software development life cycle. Not only are these tools all based on Eclipse, but often times they actually share th e same shell. In other words, the capability of each of these tools is presented to the user as a new perspective in the same shell. A perspective is a consolidation of tools and views focused on one particular task. The perspective for Performance Tester is known as the Test perspective. As the name implies, the Test perspective provides views that are needed by a developer or QA professional focused on testing a software application or system.The tutorial workspace and sample projects Assuming you are using the online trial system, Performance Tester will be associated to a pre-configured workspace. A workspace can be any directory location where your work is stored. In your case, this workspace contains two projects. The first project is the Adventure Builder Application. This project contains the source code for the Adventure Builder sample application you will be testing. The application has already been deployed to WebSphere Application Server on the online trial system. The p roject is only in your workspace so that Rational Performance Tester Page 4 of 26 Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks ® Performance Tester can navigate to the source code later when you are attempting to find the root cause of a performance bottleneck. The second project, Adventure Builder Performance Tests, is the test project you will use to store your tests, datapools, schedules, and results. If you expand the project, you will see several folders used to organize your test assets. You can add, remove, and customize folders as you like. There isn't much to examine in this project yet. You will look more closely at it once you have recorded a test.Figure 1. A Performance Tester workspace viewed in the Test Navigator Section 3. Record a test scenario Performance tests are most often created by recording your manual interactions with the system under test. In this section of the tutorial, you will use the automated HTTP recorder to capture the scenario of interacting with the Adventure Builder sample application to construct a vacation package and purchase it. The Adventure Builder application is already running in the online trial environment. All you need to do is connect to it through a Web browser while the recorder is engaged.Browser support Although you are using Internet Explorer in this tutorial, Performance Tester can work with any Web browser that supports SOCKS proxies. Performance Tester can automatically launch Internet Explorer, Mozilla, and Firefox. Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 5 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorks Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show Start the recorder 1. Start the recorder by clicking Create a Test from Recording on the toolbar . This opens the Create New Test From Recording window.Figure 2. The Create New Test From Recording window 2. Select H TTP Recording and click Next. Rational Performance Tester Page 6 of 26  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks ® 3. 4. On the next page of the wizard, select Adventure Builder Performance Tests > Tests as the location to create the file. Enter PurchaseIslandAdventure as the test-file name and click Finish. Figure 3. The Create New Test From Recording window, page 2 5. The recorder is engaged and Internet Explorer is launched to the â€Å"Welcome to Performance Testing† page.Clear the cache of temporary files by selecting Internet Explorer Tools > Internet Options †¦. Under Temporary Internet Files, click Delete Cookies and confirm. Then click Delete Files. Check Delete all offline content and click OK to confirm. Click OK to dismiss the Internet Options window. 6. Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 7 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWor ks 7. Launch the Adventure Builder application by clicking the Adventure Builder button in the Internet Explorer Links toolbar. Figure 4. Launch the Adventure Builder applicationNavigate the application Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show Now that the recorder is engaged, you will navigate the application just as you normally would. 1. In the left navigation area of the page, click Island Adventures. Figure 5. Island Adventures link 2. Here you see an expanded list of island adventure trips. From the submenu on the Available Adventure Packages page, click Maui Survival Adventure. Figure 6. Maui Survival Adventure link Rational Performance Tester Page 8 of 26  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks eveloperWorks ® 3. This page shows you the options available for the package you have chosen. Click Select Package on the right side of the Adventure Package Details page. You are taken to the Packa ge Options page. Here you can personalize your vacation package by changing the number of people, start date, number of days, etc. For now, just accept the defaults by clicking Set Package Options. On the Adventure Package Details page, click I Will Provide My Own Transportation. On the Adventure Package page, click Checkout. Let's keep it simple for now: on the Sign On page, click Sign In as a returning customer.On the Enter Order Details page, scroll to the bottom and click Submit. After a moment, you will be taken to the Checkout page. Here you should see your order ID. Figure 7. The Order ID link on the Checkout page 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 9 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorks Note that your order ID will be unique and will not be exactly as shown here. Wait for several seconds after the checkout page loads, then check on the status of your order by clicking on the Order ID l ink. 10.Once the Order Tracking Results page loads, close the browser. This will cause Performance Tester to begin generating the test based on the traffic it has captured. Section 4. Review and customize the test Performance Tester generates a test based on the HTTP traffic it captured during the recording. The test is much more than a simple HTTP trace log, however. Behind the scenes, Performance Tester does a lot of processing to create a test that is robust, extensible, and easy to maintain. In this section, you will examine the generated test in greater detail and customize it to use unique data.Examine the test Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show The test is represented in a tree format in the left portion of the Test Editor view. Each top-level node in the tree represents a Web page visited during your recording session. The name of the node is based on the name of the Web page. Figure 8. The Test Contents tree view Rational Performan ce Tester Page 10 of 26  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks ® 1. Expand the Welcome to the Adventure Builder Reference application node.Here is where the advanced performance test engineer can see all the details of the transactions behind the page. The first element is highlighted in blue to indicate that it is the primary request — the request for the page HTML contents. Figure 9. The expanded page in the Test Contents tree view 2. Click on the Protocol Data view in the bottom portion of the window, then Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 11 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorks click on the primary request highlighted in blue in the tree.The details of the request and its corresponding response are shown in the Request, Response Headers, and Response Content tabs of the Protocol Data view. The Browser tab even renders the contents of the selected element. Figure 10. The Browser tab in the Protocol Data view 3. Detailed information about the selected element is also presented in the right-hand portion of the Test Editor view. You can edit this data if you need to change the host, URL, request header values, or any other field. Automatic data correlation Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me ShowWeb applications tend to be highly dynamic. For example, in the scenario you recorded you placed an order for a vacation package and were given a unique order ID. You then used that order ID to check the status of your purchase. When you play-back this test, it will place another order and you will be given a different order ID. You would want Performance Tester to check the status of that new order ID, not the one you previously recorded. For that reason, Performance Tester performs automatic data correlation. That is, it looks at data parameters sent to the server and matches them up w ith prior response data from the server.Accessing the correlated data is easy. Rational Performance Tester Page 12 of 26  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks ® 1. Highlight the Order Tracking Results node in the Test Contents area of the Performance Test view. Now right-click inside the Test Data area to the right and select Show References. Notice that the orderId field is being substituted with data from a prior response. Figure 11. Show References for data correlation 2. Double-click orderId. This takes you to the URL of the actual request for that page.Figure 12. Correlated data in the URL of a request 3. Right-click the highlighted string and select Go To. This takes you directly to the orderId value in the response text of the Checkout request. During test playback, Performance Tester will substitute the orderId value it receives in this response for the orderId in the request for order tracking. Figure 13. Co rrelated data in the prior response Granted, you now know far more than you probably wanted to know about data correlation; but that is the beauty of Performance Tester: it does all this for youRational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 13 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorks without any hand coding or other effort on your part. Randomize the data Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show In performance testing it is essential to be able to randomize the data being sent to the server. Modern Web applications have many layers of caching. If you were to emulate a thousand users using the application doing exactly the same thing, you would not observe typical performance behavior.Once the first emulated user performed the transaction, all the subsequent users would be drawing information from the cache. For this reason, performance test engineers often spend much of their time configur ing tests to pull random data from a â€Å"datapool† so that each emulated user uses unique information. Performance Tester automatically identifies likely candidates for datapool access and makes it possible to associate these fields with data sources you provide. 1. Select the Enter Adventure Package Details page node in the test contents. Notice in the Test Data area the start_month, start_year, and start_day parameters.These were the default values in the Options page, which were subsequently transmitted back to the server when the Set Package Options button was clicked. Figure 14. Datapool candidates 2. 3. 4. Set up a datapool to randomize the values used by your virtual users when you play-back this test. Select start_month in the Test Data area. Click Substitute From below the Test Data area. Select Datapool Value†¦. Figure 15. Substitute start_month from the datapool variable Rational Performance Tester Page 14 of 26  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks eveloperWorks ® 5. 6. 7. Click Add Datapool on the â€Å"Select datapool† column window. You will add an association to an existing datapool to this test. Select the existing VacationStartDates datapool and click Select. Back in the â€Å"Select datapool† column window, select start_month and click Use Column. Note that the â€Å"Substituted with† column next to the start_month variable now has a reference to the datapool column. Select start_year in the Test Data area. Repeat the process. This time you will not need to add the datapool reference; just select start_year and click Use Column.Repeat the above procedure for start_day. The three variable rows should be highlighted in green to indicate they are being substituted from the datapool and should show references in the â€Å"Substituted with† column. Figure 16. Variables substituted with datapool variables 8. 9. 10. Press Ctrl-S to save the test when finis hed. Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 15 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorks Section 5. Schedule a workload One of the keys to a successful performance test is the ability to accurately model the anticipated system workload.Software systems typically have various types of users that perform varied tasks. Performance Tester provides a graphical interface to enable you to model your user activities. Create a schedule Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show 1. Expand the Schedules folder and double-click the AdventureBuilderLoadTest schedule to open it in the Schedule Editor view. This is a schedule that has been partially completed for you. Figure 17. AdventureBuilderLoadTest schedule in Test Navigator view 2. Two user groups have already been defined in this schedule.As you can see from the annotations on the Schedule Contents, browsers represent 20 percent of your emula ted users while buyers represent 80 percent. Figure 18. Schedule Contents shows defined user groups Rational Performance Tester Page 16 of 26  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks ® 3. Expand the Browsers user group and all contained elements in the Schedule Contents. Figure 19. Details of the Browsers user group Performance Tester offers many advanced constructs to help you test the impact of a realistic load on your system.The hierarchy under the Browsers user group can be interpreted as follows: Each browser will peruse three adventure packages. Browsers will randomly choose to look at either mountain adventures or western adventures but are twice as likely to look at mountain adventures. The action of browsing the adventure category is emulated by tests that were recorded in much the same way you recorded your test. After looking at each category, a browser will wait 1000 milliseconds before browsing another cate gory. 4. The Buyers group has not been completed.Use the test you recorded earlier as an implementation for the Buyers test. Click the Buyers user group. Click Add ; Test and select PurchaseIslandAdventure from the Select Performance Tests window. Save the AdventureBuilderLoadTest schedule. 5. Section 6. Run an automated performance test Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 17 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorks In this section you will learn how to execute your test against the Adventure Builder application and monitor the results. Launch the test Animated demoWould you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show 1. Select the topmost node in the Schedule Contents — that is, the AdventureBuilderLoadTest node. A number of execution options are available in the tabs on the right-hand portion of the Performance Schedule Editor view. You can specify the number of users you want to emulate in the N umber of users field on the General tab. Since the user groups in this schedule have been defined in terms of percentages, Performance Tester will do all the adjustments for you each time you change the size of your schedule. Leave the Number of users set to 5.The online trial environment is configured for a maximum of five emulated users and attempting to run with more users will result in a license error. Click Run on the toolbar. This launches your performance test. Figure 20. Run button on the toolbar 2. Monitor the test Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show While your test is running, you can monitor its progress in near real-time. The Overall tab of the Performance Report view will show you test progress in the bar across the top. The bar graph will show the status code success rate for pages and elements.Both should show 100%. While the test is running you can browse the various tabs on the report to see what is happening. 1. Select the Summary tab along the bottom of the report. Basic statistics about the test run, pages, and page elements are given here. Note that these statistics will continue to update until the run has completed. Rational Performance Tester Page 18 of 26  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks ® 2. 3. Select the Page Performance tab. This tab presents a bar graph of the average page response time for the 10 pages with the highest times.Feel free to browse through the other report pages. The default information presented is relatively easy to read and gives you quick insights into the performance of Adventure Builder application. Note that the graph on the Resources tab will be blank: this is expected. When the test has finished (note the progress bar on the Overall tab), go back to the Page Performance tab. You should notice that the Checkout page is considerably slower than any of the other pages. 4. Section 7. Analyze the root cause At this point, you have successfully used Performance Tester to uncover a performance problem in your application.The next question you will ask yourself is, â€Å"What is causing the problem? † To get to the bottom of this question you will use Performance Tester's Root Cause Analysis facilities. In this section, you will re-run your test with additional data collection tools engaged. The additional information will help you determine if you are facing a hardware or software issue and drill down to the root cause of the performance bottleneck. Engage resource monitoring Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show 1. 2. 3. Double-click the AdventureBuilderLoadTest schedule in the Test Navigator view.Revisit some of the additional execution controls on the schedule: start by selecting the top node of the Schedule Contents again. Select the Resource Monitoring tab in the Schedule Element Details area. Resource monitoring enables Performa nce Tester to log any system parameter from Windows perfmon, Unix or Linux rstatd, or Tivoli Monitoring. Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 19 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorks 4. 5. Check Enable resource monitoring. Click Add New†¦ to define a new server on which to monitor resources.Note that you may need to scroll down the right portion of the Performance Schedule view to see the button. In the Resource Monitoring window, enter localhost as the host name. Check Windows Performance Monitor. Note that in this trial environment, the Web server, application server, and Performance Tester system are all running on a single machine: localhost. This is, of course, not a realistic situation. In a true performance testing environment, you can define any machines that might be part of your application or test system. Select the Resources tab. After a few seconds, you can see the extensive list of counters ava ilable.To keep it simple, deselect all counters except Memory > Pages/sec and Processor > % Processor Time. Click OK to close the Resource Monitoring window. 6. 7. 8. Engage Response Time Breakdown 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the Response Time Breakdown tab in the Schedule Element Details area of the Performance Schedule. Check Enable collection of response time data. This enables Performance Tester's response-time data collection infrastructure. Since you know the only test that actually visits the Checkout page is PurchaseIslandAdventure, select only that test. In the Options area, set the Detail level to High.Save the schedule by pressing Ctrl-S. Click the Run button on the toolbar again. Performance Tester launches the test just as before, but this time with resource monitoring and response-time breakdown collection engaged. Examine resource-utilization data 1. While the performance schedule is executing, select the Resources tab Rational Performance Tester Page 20 of 26  © Copyr ight IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks ® on the Performance Report. This time, you'll see data for the resources you chose to collect in the schedule. Figure 21. The Resources tab on the Performance Report . The data you see here, although accurate, is not really representative of a typical load test. In this trial environment, the Performance Tester load generation, Web server, application server, and database server are all running on a single machine. You would normally track resources on each tier of your application. In addition, the load test you just ran was of very short duration. Normally, performance tests will be significantly longer, allowing the systems to reach a steady state. Nonetheless, the trial system gives you a sense of how easy it is to track resource utilization during a performance test.If you have a concern, you can now go to the Response vs. Time Detail tab, right-click on the graph, and click Add/Remo ve Performance Counters to overlay resource counters onto page response data. This helps you visually correlate any spikes in resource utilization with page activity. Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 21 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorks 3. Since it doesn't appear that the performance issue with Adventure Builder is hardware related, use the response-time breakdown data to find out if it is software related.Examine the response-time breakdown data 1. 2. Select the Page Performance tab of the Performance Report. Drill down into what went on behind the scenes for the Checkout page. Right-click on the bar in the graph for the Checkout page and choose Display Response Time Breakdown Statistics†¦. Select the /ab/checkout. do URL from the Selection Wizard and click Finish. The Response Time Breakdown Statistics view lists methods called on the server tiers of the Adventure Builder application. There are var ious ways to examine this information.Switch to the Tree Layout view using the Layout button in the upper-right corner of the view. Figure 22. The Tree Layout view 3. 4. Now sort by descending cumulative time by clicking twice on the Cumulative Time column header. Find the root cause of the problem The top node labeled rationaltd represents the machine. In this trial, all system-under-test and test-harness components are running on a single machine. In a real-world test, you would likely see multiple machines listed. The second-level node labeled J2EE/WebSphere†¦ is the WebSphere application server component.From the information here, you can quickly see that the J2EE facet type consuming the most cumulative time is the Servlet. 1. Expand the Servlet node and the com. sun. j2ee. blueprints. waf. controller. web package, and the Rational Performance Tester Page 22 of 26  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks ® Mai nServlet class nodes. This tells you that the four invocations of the doPost method in the MainServlet class consumed 42. 113 seconds. Note that your actual values will probably differ. Figure 23.Response time of the doPost method of MainServlet 2. Right-click the doPost method and choose Open Source. Well, what do you know — you have located the source of your performance problem! Figure 24. A sleep statement in the source code Section 8. Summary This tutorial has introduced you to IBM Rational Performance Tester. In a very short time you were able to construct a test suite by recording a performance test for a Web application, customizing the test to randomize data upon playback, and using that test as part of a realistic performance test schedule.You executed that schedule on a small scale and used the near real-time reports to identify a slow page. Once you had identified the page, you gathered resource utilization data and response-time breakdown statistics, which you th en used to investigate possible hardware and software causes. You then drilled down to the specific source code method causing the problem. Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 23 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorksWhile you may have learned a lot in this tutorial, you have only scratched the surface of what Performance Tester can do. As you continue to explore Performance Tester you will discover many more features to assist you in testing the performance of your applications and releasing them with confidence. See Resources to learn more about Performance Tester and other IBM software products covered in the Hello World tutorial series. Rational Performance Tester Page 24 of 26  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks ® ResourcesLearn †¢ The Hello World: Rational Performance Tester (for downloadable trial code) is another version of this tut orial that is written for people who would prefer to set up their own environment, rather than use the online trial of Rational Performance Tester. †¢ The Hello World series of hands-on tutorials introduces IBM software products that play a critical role in implementing an SOA foundation in your enterprise. †¢ See the Rational Performance Tester product page for technical documentation, how-to articles, education, downloads, and product information about Rational Performance Tester. â€Å"Using IBM Rational Performance Tester to find bottlenecks† (David M. Chadwick, developerWorks, September 2006) presents a real-world case study in using Rational Performance Tester. †¢ IBM Rational performance testing solutions provide scalability and load testing for J2EE, Web-based, Siebel, Citrix, and SAP applications. †¢ Learn more about the IBM Rational Software Delivery Platform — a complete set of tools to build, integrate, modernize, extend, and deploy soft ware and software-based systems. †¢ Learn more about the Eclipse development environment.Get products and technologies †¢ Download a free trial version of Rational Performance Tester. †¢ Build your next development project with IBM trial software, available for download directly from developerWorks. Discuss †¢ Participate in the discussion forum for this content. About the author Dennis Schultz Dennis Schultz joined Rational in 1995 as a technical sales engineer. For eight years, he worked closely with numerous clients, implementing Rational solutions in their projects. Dennis helped deploy solutions for software configuration management, change management, requirements management, and test management and implementation.Since 2003, Dennis has been a Technical Marketing Engineer for Rational Performance Tester  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 25 of 26 developerWorks ® ibm. com/developerWorks IBM Rational software. Dennis holds a B. S. in computer engineering from Iowa State University. He is based in St. Louis, Missouri, and fills his non-work time with his four children. Rational Performance Tester Page 26 of 26  © Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved.