Biological Transformation Of Bacteria And Pglo Plasmid Dna

Abstract: Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering are highly involved with the genetic transformation of bacteria with the help of plasmid DNA. Genetic engineering ultimately alters genetic information using genetic material from another organism. The objective of the experiment was to accomplish genetic transformation using E.coli bacteria and pGLO plasmid DNA. PGLO carries an enzyme named ÃŽ ²-lactamase that offers resistance to the ampicillin antibiotic. Therefore, bacterial cells can grow and reproduce using pGLO. Four transformation plates containing E.coli were segregated into 2 groups of experimental and control groups. Two experimental plates comprised pGLO, but the control plates did not. One experimental plate contained ampicillin and pGLO. The second experimental plate consisted of ampicillin and arabinose along with pGLO. Contrarily, one control plate simply had ampicillin. The second control plate only stored E.coli cells. The results accepted the hypothesis sin ce only the experimental plate with pGLO, ampillin and arabinose emitted green fluorescent light under UV light. This confirms that bacteria emit green flourescent light under UV light only when paired with pGLO and arabinose. However, other experiments have proven how modifying and using other plasmid DNA material can alter results substantially. Therefore, bacteria are certainly sensitive to the DNA material that is transforming them. It is undoubtedly beneficial to use the most advantageousShow MoreRelatedThe Transformation Of : Gfp And E. Coli As A Result Of Pglo1117 Words   |  5 PagesTHE TRANSFORMATION OF GFP AND E. COLI AS A RESULT OF pGLO INTRODUCTION One of the most imperative functions in maintaining the development of evolution is the frequency of genetic transformation: the injection of foreign DNA into another organism’s DNA. This term is defined by the actions of a vector, but more specifically by the actions of plasmids and phages. However, in this experiment we are primarily focused on the effect of the pGLO plasmid transformation of GFP on the E. coli bacteria byRead MoreIf Genetic Transformation Has The Meaning Of Change Caused By Genes3093 Words   |  13 PagesIf Genetic transformation has the meaning of â€Å"change caused by genes† and involves the placing of a gene into an life form in order to modify the organisms characteristic; the progression of placing genes from one life form to a different is used to assist of a plasmid and the pGLO plasmid codes the gene used for GFP as well as the gene for resistance to ampicillin. It is used to manage the expression of the fluorescent protein; hence, the GF P gene is able to be switched on by adding the sugar arabinoseRead MoreGenetic Transformation by Heat Shock2755 Words   |  12 PagesVector in Genetic Transformation Introduction: In this experiment we are testing what is required for E. coli to successfully grow on LB (Luria Broth) plates with ampicillin and determining if any genetic transformation has occurred. By combining +pGLO LB and ampicillin we should get an ampicillin resistant gene and by using –pGLO we should create a non-genetic resistant bacteria. The pGLO plasmid has the GFP (green fluorescent protein) gene and the gene that allows the plasmid to be resistantRead MoreBacterial Transformation ( Escherichia Coli )1050 Words   |  5 Pages Bacterial Transformation (Escherichia coli) Kadian Jones Dr. F. Redway BIO 104- Lab 3 November 11, 2014 Introduction According to Medicine.net (2012), genetic transformation is a process by which the genetic material carried by an individual cell is altered by the incorporation of foreign/exogenous DNA into its genome. Competent cells are able to accept DNA presented by experimental influence or manipulation, and the application of genetic engineering with bacteria can aid in theRead MoreAnalysis : A Glowing, Gone ! : Bacteria Transformation And Who Dunnit?1890 Words   |  8 PagesAustin, Mariya, Kaitlin Curran AP Bio 11 December 2014 Glowing, Glowing, Gone!: Bacteria Transformation and Who Dunnit?: Electrophoresis Analysis with DNA Purposes:  · Describe the process of transformation in bacteria  · Understand how to prepare viable E. coli cells  · Describe the components of gene transfer using plasmid vectors  · Be able to describe how antibiotic resistant genes are able to transfer, and identify the transformed cells that areRead MoreIf Genetic Transformation Has The Meaning Of Change Caused By Genes3093 Words   |  13 PagesIf Genetic transformation has the meaning of â€Å"change caused by genes† and involves the placing of a gene into an life form in order to modify the organisms characteristic; the progression of placing genes from one life form to a different is used to assist of a plasmid and the pGLO plasmid codes the gene used for GFP as well as the gene for resistance to ampicillin. It is used to manage the expression of the fluorescent protein; hence, the GFP gene is able to be switched on by adding the sugar arabinoseRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Green Fluorescent Protein ( GFP )728 Words   |  3 Pagesdramatically improve the fluorescent (both intensity and photostability) and spectral characteristics of GFP. As part of his work, he succeeded in varying the color of the light emitted by GFP so that different proteins and multiple, simultaneous biological processes could be tracked using GFP. His work that provided a better understanding of the fluorescence properties of GFP and its’ application as a marker. (Ehrenberg, 2008) In 2008, Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, and Roger Tsien were awardedRead MoreGenetic Engineering And The Human Genome Project2436 Words   |  10 Pagesvigorous new exploration of human DNA- the Human Genome Project. The goal of this project was to map out all the human genes (An Overview of, 2015), which ultimately led to a deeper understanding of all genes, not just a human’s. This deeper understanding also helped scientists to progress further in the technology of recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA is when DNA from different cells is spliced together, creating a new strand (Kuure-Kinsey, 2000). Recombinant DNA is often used to genetically change

Difference in the Philosophy of Plato and Aristotle and...

The word Philosophy comes from the Greek words of ‘philo’ meaning love and ‘sophos’ meaning wisdom (Philosophy). It is the pursuit for wisdom, to comprehend human behavior, nature and ultimately the meaning of life. Plato was the student of Socrates, influenced by his work, Plato aged to become a great philosopher himself; establishing his philosophy from that of his teacher. Aristotle was the student of Plato, and like his teacher, grew up to ground his philosophy from that of Plato. Although, both Plato and Aristotle criticized their teacher’s works, they were also influenced by them. Both Plato and Aristotle developed their own modes of knowledge acquisition; Plato’s Platonic Idealism and Aristotle’s Analytic Empiricism. In this paper,†¦show more content†¦So the realm of forms is the ‘real’ world and the realm of senses is just an ‘imitation’ of what is real, perceived through our senses (Russo). P lato describes that the realm of forms contains perfect and complete, real ‘things’ which are eternal and unchanging. Whereas, the realm of senses only looks to be real, but isn’t. It’s only an imperfect imitation of the real forms which are constantly changing. Plato also goes on to say that the way in which we perceive these two realms is different. The realm of forms is equitable; it’s independent of the perceiver’s mind and doesn’t change. Whereas the realm of senses is nonobjective; it’s dependent of the perceivers mind and changes depending the persons expectation and perception. This Theory of Forms is best interpreted by Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. In The Republic of Plato, he describes a dark cavern in which a group of people have been raised from birth. They have been constrained down in such a way that they are only able to stare at a back wall (screen) of the cave in front of them. Behind them is a bonfire on the furthest side of the cave. Between the bonfire and the group of people is a platform of statues, operated by other people. The statues cast shadows on the screen, distorted by the small amount of sunlight entering through a small opening underneath the bonfire platform. The prisoners perceive these shadows to be ‘real’ because ever since birthShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Good Life?1274 Words   |  6 Pagesmight influence people in different ways due to, its history, religion, philosophy, tradition, and customs. Someone living in Asia will have a different opinion of a good life then someone living in Canada. Good life can also affect a group of people. Since people is influenced by the environment, a good environment could lead to happier people. A complete ruling system is also the key to good environment for people to live in. Plato and Aristotle are two philosopher that had great influence of theRead MoreAristotle s Contributions Of Aristotle931 Words   |  4 PagesBiography of Aristotle Aristotle Headshot Aristotle was born in 384 BC, in Stagira, near Macedonia at the northern end of the Aegean Sea. His father, Nicomachus, was the family physician of King Amyntas of Macedonia. It is believed that Aristotle s ancestors had been the physicians of the Macedonian royal family for several generations. Having come from a long line of physicians, Aristotle received training and education that inclined his mind toward the study of natural phenomena. This educationRead MorePlato and Aristotle: a Comparison Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagestwo great philosophers is a complex task. Plato and Aristotle are two such philosophers who had ideas of how to improve existing societies during their individual lifetimes. While both Plato and Aristotle were great thinkers, perhaps it is necessary first to examine the ideas of each before showing how one has laid the groundwork and developed certain themes for the other. Plato is regarded by many experts as the first writer of political philosophy. He fashioned a distinctive view of humanRead MoreHistorical Events That Took Place During The Classical Period1458 Words   |  6 Pages27, 2015 World Literature I Historically Significant Influences of Aristotle During the Classical Period, 500-232 BCE, Greece was at the peak of its political and cultural achievement. This was also a time of war, most noteworthy being the vast empire created by Alexander the Great. In a period containing such an immense amount of historical significance there is no doubting that it had influenced the people born. Notorious philosopher Aristotle is no exception, contributing a great deal to the fieldsRead More Alfarabi And Aristotle: The Four Causes And The Four Stages Of The Doc1405 Words   |  6 Pages Alfarabi and Aristotle: The Four Causes and The Four Stages of The Doctrine of The Intelligence nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alfarabi was raised as a young boy in Baghdad. His early life was spent studying the art of linguistics, philosophy, and logic. His teachers were Syrian Christians experts in Greek philosophy. He studied Aristotle and Plato in detail, and it became evident in his later writings that they were a strong influence on him. He became quite a prolific writer, and he wrote moreRead MorePersonal Philosophy : Al Farabi1684 Words   |  7 PagesAl Farabi’s philosophy was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy just like how western philosophy was influenced by Greek philosophy. Specifically, Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates were the main Greek influencers of Al Farabi. Al Farabi as well as Ibn Sina have been recognized as Peripatetics or rationalists. The best known Arabic source for Al Farabi s political philosophy is his work titled The Virtuous City. In many of Al Farabi’s philosophical works the practical use of philosophy is a majorRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The First Ones 1562 Words   |  7 PagesThey have meaning. Words are defined as ways feelings are express and influence is spread. Throughout history, questions like, â€Å"What is justice?† and â€Å"How do we justify what is just or good?† have popped up in human minds and Plato and Aristotle were the first philosophers to answer these questions. 2. Plato 2.1. His Life To many people, Plato was known as the first writer of philosophy. Plato was born in Athens in 429 BC (Plato-Biography, egs.edu). His birth name was Aristocles and gained the nicknameRead MorePlatos Influence on the Western Civilization950 Words   |  4 Pages Plato and His Relation to Western Civilization Plato is one of the succinct psychologists, analyst, and scholar the world has ever had. He is a lucrative figure in the birth, generation, and early development of the western civilization. His contributions through ethics, politics, religion, symposiums, and dialogues with Socrates exemplify a myriad of his works since he was a young scholar. He participated in a number of events, theoretical appearances, and analysis, and posting of theoriesRead MoreEssay about Ancient Athens1399 Words   |  6 Pageshad numerous accomplishments of its own. Athens â€Å"prosperity †¦ was due in large part to its stable and effective government† (SOURCE 1). When analyzing the history of ancient Athens, is easy to see how the accomplishments of a democracy, Greek philosophy, and Greek literature all shape Athens. Athens is the home of democracy. It is the first known example of where people began to govern themselves. The democracy of Athens slowly developed around 500 BC, during the Classical Age. In early timesRead MoreEssay on Philosophy1146 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Philosophy started when human beings started to ask questions, about how and what things are actually, due to curiosity. The things that caused these questions to come about were the people started to realize that everything isn’t exactly what it appears to be. Philosophy started in the town of Miletus, many early philosophers came from here. The philosophers started their work around 585 B.C. Thales, one of the early Miletus philosophers, left no writings behind, all we know

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology

Question: Discuss about the Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. Answer: Introduction: Nosocomial infections are the infections acquired by the patients during their stay in the health care facility, and are the major reason behind the majority of the complications that are prevalent in the health care facility. Centre for disease control and prevention have estimated that more than roughly 1.7 million incidences of hospital acquired infections occur that leads to more than 99000 deaths every year (Allegranzi et al., 2013). This ghastly scenario has undoubtedly captured the attention of the health care authorities worldwide and has become one of the public health care priorities in the last few years. Apart from the fatality rates, hospital acquired infections also are found to increase the health care costs to a sweeping 2 to 2.5 folds more and also significantly increases the stay in the hospital of the patients (Al-Tawfiq et al., 2013). A health care complexity so prevalent and nasty could not have been neglected by the health acre authorities and governments, and it has not been. In the last 10 years there have been various infection control strategies that have been introduced in the health care industry that have seen better results with adequate effort and dedicated compliance. One such strategy that is easy, inexpensive and tremendously effective in decreasing the incidence rate of hospital acquired infection is hand hygiene policy. However studies suggest that there is a vast lack of enthusiasm and compliance to this policy which delimits the chance of the patients attaining faster and easier recovery and increases their chance of succumbing to various infections (Al-Tawfiq et al., 2013). This report will attempt to discuss the two strategies to ensure compliance of the health care staff to hand hygiene policies and discuss in details all the factors associated with the implications of these strategies. Significance of hand hygiene compliance: Studies suggest that more than 1000 different species of microorganisms inhabit the human epidermis, or our skin surface. Our hands are the most favourable breeding ground or bacteria and are home to 1500 bacteria for every square centimetre. Apart from that, it should not be overlooked that the microbiota are ubiquitous, they are everywhere, and every possible surface that our hands touch every single day are a source for thousands and thousands of different microbes, a vast majority of them can be infectious (Costers et al., 2012). As hands are the source for thousands of infectious microbes, hand hygiene inevitably is the best and most effective method to keep infection at bay, this is even more effective in the health care facility where both the patients and the health care professionals are exposed to a myriad of microbiota on a daily basis in the health care facility. Hence importance of hand hygiene in health care professionals in the field of medicine is paramount (Ellingson et al., 2014). CDC or centre for disease control and prevention has a predetermined set of hand hygiene policies in place for all health care facilities to follow. The policy statements dictates that antimicrobial washes are to be used to clean hands that appear visibly dirty and soiled, routine hand washing should also be practiced as a daily decontamination strategy and when encountering a contaminated patient of ward (Fisher et al., 2013). The statement further specifies that in instances where the hands are not visibly dirty or soiled alcohol rubs can be opted to perform routine hygienic cleaning of the hands. This technique is to be followed when coming into direct or indirect contact with patients that pose no risk of contamination. Adhering to this hand hygiene policy can ensure decreasing the risk to infection in the patients significantly however there is a significant lack of compliance to the hand hygiene policies (Pan et al., 2013). Considering the Australian health care legislation, the hand hygiene policy is considered to be the fifth most essential health care regimen. According to the guidelines of National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards, hand hygiene is recommended five times for the health care workers all throughout the day (Fuller et al., 2012). On a more elaborative note, the health care workers are supposed to perform hand hygiene before getting in touch with a patient, after getting in touch with patient, before an aseptic duty, after associating with body fluids and before and after entering contaminated area. The clinical risk assessment authority of Australia has recommended that each and every health care organization must practice the guidelines set forth by the National Safety and Quality Health Service in order to minimize the risk to patient due to hospital acquired infection. Moreover is has been also advised to ensure that the staff is encouraged and motivated to comply with the hand hygiene protocol, however litte efforts had been witnessed to achieve this goal (Hagel et al., 2015). Studies suggest that the most of the infection that are acquired by the patients in the health care facility is due to the lack of compliance in the staff about hand hygiene at large. However, there is no significant initiative from the health care authorities to determine the causes behind the non compliance and act upon those reasons (Higgins Hannan, 2013). In a exploratory study it was found that there can be more than reasons why health care profession do not comply to the hand hygiene protocol but the most vital contributing factors can be the lack of awareness and the lack of education in the health care workers that lead them to neglect the hand hygiene protocol leading to putting the health and welfare of the patients at risk (Huis et al., 2012). Such a situation will only continue to escalate if there are no strategies in place to ensure that the health care is compelled and motivated to comply to the policy. Strategise to ensure compliance in health care facilities: One of the contributing factors behind the lack for compliance that takes up the majority of blame is the lack of education and awareness in the health care about the hand hygiene and its importance. Exploratory research studies and surveys suggest that the majority of care support staff do not understand the importance of hand hygiene n clinical practice and often they neglect adhering to this protocol mostly due to lack of time, heavy workload, patient priorities, unfavourable working conditions and lack of sincerity (Ling How, 2012). Hence it is of much importance to educate all the support staff the importance of hand hygiene and how noncompliance to it can lead to harmful consequences for both the patients and the workers themselves. Studies suggest that in most cases the health care staffs is not aware of the risks they put themselves on with neglecting proper hand hygiene and it can be expected that the staff is properly educated about the repercussions of not adhering to a s tandard hand hygiene program they will be more motivated to comply (Momen et al., 2012). These education and training programs can be set up every three months or so to ensure that all the staff get the opportunity to avail this programs. Furthermore these educational programs should be free of cost for the health care professional to attend and should include bonus points in the recognition and appraisal program in place in the health care facility in the health care program to ensure that the staffs is lured to attend this seminars. Lastly the training and employee managements of the health care facility should ensure that the newly recruited staff are made aware of the educational and training programs to attend them (Morgan et al., 2012). Usage of animated and interactive graphics in the educational presentation of the hand hygiene compliance program will also intrigue the employees to attend and understand the policy, its importance and the repercussions of not adhering to it. It has also been observed that most cases the staffs forget in their heavy and exhaustive workload to adhere to the hand hygiene policies, the posters will help the staff to be reminded multiple times (Pincock et al., 2012). On a similar note, another contributing factor that has been identified that propel the staff to not adhere to the hand hygiene guidelines is the difficult access of the sanitation agents and the irritation it causes in the hands of the health care workers. Many health acre surveys have described that a vast majority of the health care workers that refuse the usage of hand sanitation procedures, refuse it because of the lack of availability and difficult access of the sanitation products and the irritation it causes in their hands (Pan et al., 2013). The antimicrobial hand washes are generally made of harsh chemicals that strip the skin off of moisture and cause irritation reaction in the skin for the sensitive skinned population of the health care workers. In case of alcoholic rubs as well, the high concentration of alcohol present rips the natural moisture of the hands on repetitive usage and cause drying and flakiness in skin. Hence, most of the health care workers avoid coming in contact with the hand washes if they can help. The lack of strict regulations and threat to penalties adds fuel to their rebellion further (Pincock et al, 2012). In order to combat this issue the hospital authority needs to undertake the actions to ensure that the hand sanitation products are placed at easily accessible areas all throughout the health care facility and they re replenished regularly to ensure that the inaccessibility of the products do not cause the health care staff to not comply to the hand hygiene policies (Scheithauer et al., 2012). Moreover the health care facility needs to invest in the hand hygiene strategy, so that they can purchase mild antimicrobial hand washing agents that are gentle on the hands and are more natural or organic. If the hand washing agents does not irritate the hands of the health care staff it will not cause them to abandon the policy. Lastly this strategy to ensure every healthcare worker complies to the hand hygiene policies, the staff will have to enforce stricter regulations to ensure that the staff are compelled to adhere to the rules. One way to ensure it can be heavy penalization of the staff that does not adhere to the hand hygiene policy, like monetary penalties and temporary suspension (Song et al., 2013). Applying these well articulated and curated strategies can help in urging the staff to comply with the hand hygiene policies. Implementation challenges: Both the strategies that have been devised in the assignment above will be effective in urging the staff to comply with the hand hygiene policy. However there are some challenges to the implementation of these strategies. First and foremost, a comprehensive educational program with interactive graphics in regular intervals will cost the health care facility a pretty penny. It has to be considered that a health care facility that is large enough recruits a large number of staff regularly ensuring that the entire staffs are privy to the educational programs will cause the health care facility to conduct such interactive and comprehensive trainings very frequently, and that will be detrimental to the financial backbone of the health care facility. Moreover encouraging the staff to attend these educational programs will require the management to provide some attraction, like monetary rewards or employee recognition and appraisals, and this also will be a significant blow to the financial standing of the health care facility. An expenditure of this magnitude will be difficult for the management to overcome and will can compromise the care standards (Squires et al., 2013). The challenges present for the implementation of the second strategy will include investing a large chunk to buying enough hand sanitation supplies that can be evenly distributed all throughout the health care facility. Moreover investing on skin friendly mild anti-microbial washes and soaps will be an expensive effort as well. However, even if we ignore the financial threat to the facility management due to storing up enough supplies of standard quality, there is more (Srigley et al., 2014). Without a set of strict rules and regulations these strategies will not bear any fruit what so ever hence, there is need for a good screening program to ensure that all the staff are complying. This represents a need for the recruiting of a screening team that will monitor and control the compliance to hand hygiene and infection control program in the facility, which will also be a financial drawback to the facility. Lastly, enforcing strict penalties like suspension and fine can initiate job di ssatisfaction and irritation in the staff which can result in decreased staff retention and can hamper the care delivery in turn (Tromp et al., 2012). All these limitations can make the implementation and success of these strategies very difficult to attain. Conclusion: The rates at which the incidence of hospital acquired infection is increasing are ghastly and frightening. Every day the statistics of complication and morbidity related to these infections elevate and decrease the standard of care and the sour the experience of the patients in the health care facility. Studies suggest that the level of dissatisfaction and in the patients and their families are due to the suffering they had to go through for the infections caused under the care and surveillance of the health care facility, it is not only detrimental for the reputation of the health care facility concerned but is also morally distressing as well (Costers et al., 2012). This is the reason why the regulatory authorities in the field of heath care have invested time, resources and effort to improve the rates of hospital acquired infections by enforcing different guidelines and policies. Hand hygiene policy is the one of the most effective policies in avoiding hospital acquired infections in the health care facility; unfortunately this policy is also the most neglected one in the health care facility. The noncompliance of the staff to this policy is due to a number o reasons as discussed above, and there are strategies that improve the level of compliance in the staff. However, these strategies like educational programs and stricter inclusion with easy access come coupled with a horde of challenges that limit the efficacy and success of these strategies. However with a little empathy and effort from both the hospital facility management and the staff, the safety and wellbeing of the patients can be prioritized above all. References: Allegranzi, B., Gayet-Ageron, A., Damani, N., Bengaly, L., McLaws, M. L., Moro, M. L., ... Donaldson, L. (2013). Global implementation of WHO's multimodal strategy for improvement of hand hygiene: a quasi-experimental study.The Lancet Infectious Diseases,13(10), 843-851. Al-Tawfiq, J. A., Abed, M. S., Al-Yami, N., Birrer, R. B. (2013). Promoting and sustaining a hospital-wide, multifaceted hand hygiene program resulted in significant reduction in health care-associated infections.American journal of infection control,41(6), 482-486. Costers, M., Viseur, N., Catry, B., Simon, A. (2012). Four multifaceted countrywide campaigns to promote hand hygiene in Belgian hospitals between 2005 and 2011: impact on compliance to hand hygiene.Euro Surveill,17(18), 20161. Ellingson, K., Haas, J. P., Aiello, A. E., Kusek, L., Maragakis, L. L., Olmsted, R. N., ... VanAmringe, M. (2014). Strategies to prevent healthcare-associated infections through hand hygiene.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,35(08), 937-960. Fisher, D. A., Seetoh, T., May-Lin, H. O., Viswanathan, S., Toh, Y., Yin, W. C., ... Peh, R. F. (2013). Automated measures of hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers using ultrasound: validation and a randomized controlled trial.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,34(09), 919-928. Fuller, C., Michie, S., Savage, J., McAteer, J., Besser, S., Charlett, A., ... Jeanes, A. (2012). The Feedback Intervention Trial (FIT)improving hand-hygiene compliance in UK healthcare workers: a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial.PLoS One,7(10), e41617. Hagel, S., Reischke, J., Kesselmeier, M., Winning, J., Gastmeier, P., Brunkhorst, F. M., ... Pletz, M. W. (2015). Quantifying the Hawthorne effect in hand hygiene compliance through comparing direct observation with automated hand hygiene monitoring.infection control hospital epidemiology,36(08), 957-962. Higgins, A., Hannan, M. M. (2013). Improved hand hygiene technique and compliance in healthcare workers using gaming technology.Journal of Hospital Infection,84(1), 32-37. Huis, A., van Achterberg, T., de Bruin, M., Grol, R., Schoonhoven, L., Hulscher, M. (2012). A systematic review of hand hygiene improvement strategies: a behavioural approach.Implementation Science,7(1), 92. Ling, M. L., How, K. B. (2012). Impact of a hospital-wide hand hygiene promotion strategy on healthcare-associated infections.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control,1(1), 13. Momen, K. S., Fernie, G. R., Levchenko, O. I., Hufton, G. C. (2012).U.S. Patent No. 8,237,558. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Morgan, D. J., Pineles, L., Shardell, M., Young, A., Ellingson, K., Jernigan, J. A., ... Perencevich, E. N. (2012). Automated hand hygiene count devices may better measure compliance than human observation.American journal of infection control,40(10), 955-959. Pan, S. C., Tien, K. L., Hung, I. C., Lin, Y. J., Sheng, W. H., Wang, M. J., ... Chen, Y. C. (2013). Compliance of health care workers with hand hygiene practices: independent advantages of overt and covert observers.PLoS One,8(1), e53746. Pincock, T., Bernstein, P., Warthman, S., Holst, E. (2012). Bundling hand hygiene interventions and measurement to decrease health careassociated infections.American journal of infection control,40(4), S18-S27. Scheithauer, S., Eitner, F., Mankartz, J., Haefner, H., Nowicki, K., Floege, J., Lemmen, S. W. (2012). Improving hand hygiene compliance rates in the haemodialysis setting: more than just more hand rubs.Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation,27(2), 766-770. Song, X., Stockwell, D. C., Floyd, T., Short, B. L., Singh, N. (2013). Improving hand hygiene compliance in health care workers: strategies and impact on patient outcomes.American journal of infection control,41(10), e101-e105. Squires, J. E., Suh, K. N., Linklater, S., Bruce, N., Gartke, K., Graham, I. D., ... Tibbo, E. (2013). Improving physician hand hygiene compliance using behavioural theories: a study protocol.Implementation Science,8(1), 16. Srigley, J. A., Furness, C. D., Baker, G. R., Gardam, M. (2014). Quantification of the Hawthorne effect in hand hygiene compliance monitoring using an electronic monitoring system: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ quality safety,23(12), 974-980. Tromp, M., Huis, A., de Guchteneire, I., van der Meer, J., van Achterberg, T., Hulscher, M., Bleeker-Rovers, C. (2012). The short-term and long-term effectiveness of a multidisciplinary hand hygiene improvement program.American journal of infection control,40(8), 732-736.

Investigatory Project Essay Example

Investigatory Project Essay Natural Mosquito Repellant A Science Research Project In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement in Science And Technology I Melvin T. Magsayo March 2012 ABSTRACT This research entitled NATURAL MOSQUITO REPELLANT conducted by KAYE ANGELLIE C. NAPIGKIT of Lanao Chung Hua School. One problem of today especially with regards to health is the disease caused by mosquito. Mosquitoes are a family of small, midge-like flies, the Culicidae. It is said to be the most dangerous species on earth. It carries virus that can cause malaria and dengue. Dengue is transmitted by everal species of mosquito within the genus Aedes. And to get rid of this species, Splash Corporation invented of a mosquito repellent (Off Lotion) to drive away mosquito. The researcher would like to come up with an alternative repellent that is as effective as off lotion or better in a natural way. Moreover, the researcher also with this, the researcher investigated which between off lotion and the researchers experiment is better in driving away mosquitoes. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE Background of the Study Mosquitoes have complex methods of detecting hosts and different types of osquitoes react to different stimuli. Most mosquitoes are active at down and dusk, but there are also mosquitoes that seek hosts during the day. To avoid being bitten, make sure that you arent attracting mosquitoes, using attractants to lure mosquitoes elsewhere, using repellent and avoiding act, ions that diminish the effectiveness of the repellent. Garlic is an important medicinal herb that is readily available everywhere, unlike some of the other herbs. Garlic does indeed have scientifically- proven medicinal properties. It contains a substance called Allicin, which has anti- acterial properties that are equivalent to weak penicillin. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigatory Project specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investigatory Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investigatory Project specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It appears that cooked garlic weakens the anti-bacterial effects considerably. Garlic is sometimes used for athletes Foot, ear infections, HIV support, vaginitis and yeast infection, with less supportive data. Garlic is considered a topical antibiotic, but it is unclear if garlic possesses any antibiotic activity when taken internally. Scope and Limitation This study will be conducted in the residence of the researcher. The subject of this study is to test the effectiveness of garlic as a natural mosquito repellant. The garlic hat will be used for this study will be taken from the researchers residence. Objective of the Study This study seeks the effectiveness of Garlic as a natural mosquito repellant. Specially this intends to: 1. Know how effective is the garlic as a mosquito repellant 2. Suggest to people a garlic as a mosquito repellant Culicidae a family of slender, Orthorrhaphous dipteran insects in the series having long legs and piercing mouthparts. Stimuli a detectable Nematocera change in the internal or external environment. Foliage an ornamental presentation of leaves, stems, and flowers, especially in architecture. Lactic Acid is a chemical compound that plays a role in various biochemical processes. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Gathering of Materials These are the things needed in making the Natural Mosquito Repellant, First is the Garlic that can be found in the market. Second is the oil that can be found also in the market. Third is the small bowl that can be found in the researchers residence. Fourth is the Pyrex Ware that can be found also in the researchers residence. Preparing the Materials and Equipment Smashing the Garlic, Washing the small bowl and Pyrex Ware, Boiling the water. Making the Garlic Oil First smashed the garlic. Second put the smashed garlic into a small bowl with oil. Third pour some hot water in the Pyrex ware and place the small bowl. Fourth wait RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results Mosquito Repellents Implications Off Lotion The mosquito repellent was effective. There were mosquitoes but less than mosquitoes without Off lotion. Garlic Oil There were still mosquitoes but fewer than those with off lotion. Discussion The first row shows that using off lotion is effective mosquito repellent rather than not applying off lotion. But compared to Garlic oil mosquito repellent, there were still mosquitoes but fewer compared to those with off lotion. Between the two repellents, garlic oil mosquito repellent is much effective than off lotion. SUMMARY had many mosquitoes, while the water with Garlic Oil had fewer mosquitoes. RECOMMENDATION The Garlic Oil is recommended because it protects us from malaria and dengue. This mosquito repellent is effective because there would be less mosquito bites. It is not expensive because the materials that can be used in making the mosquito repellent can be found at home.